402 NEWELL AND MILLER 00Z and 122 are averaged in the table. Convergence terms had to be evaluated from data at 75 and 40 mb; therefore they were, as expected, smaller than the values representing the entire 100- to 30-mb region. It is evident that the convergence of kinetic energy so calculated is much smaller than that of potential energy; caution must be used in interpreting the result as a vertical flux of potential energy. The terms are calculated from adiabatic assumptions, and “vertical’ Should really be interpreted as “toward lower pressures.” The con- vergence of potential energy supplies energy to the lower stratosphere most of the year. However, it is obviously impossible to make statements about the general case from these results. We shall be ina better position to specify the mean state when a five-year period has been studied. Such a study is presently in progress. In addition, par- ticular case studies such as those pursued by Sekiguchi*®.** will enable the details of these conversions and flux processes to be examined. The role of standing eddies and the limitations of the observations used for all the vertical flux quantities will be discussed elsewhere. CONCLUDING REMARKS The climatological data processed to date have enabled usto construct a broad general outline of the manner in which the lower stratosphere is driven from below. If the ideas presented are correct, then it would appear that the distribution of trace substances in the lower stratosphere is governed by the energy production and vertical flux of energy in the troposphere. We might therefore expect differences between hemispheres, just as there are seasonal effects in each hemisphere. For example, if a good fraction ofthe driving energy is exported from the troposphere in the form of standing waves, then we would expect smaller vertical fluxes in the southern hemisphere, where these waves are less important, than in the northern hemi- sphere.** Thus one might expect smaller amounts of total ozone to be in the southern hemisphere. Since there is apparently not so much seasonal variation of the standing waves in the southern hemisphere, one might also expect less marked spring maximums in ozone and also, perhaps, in fallout. Part of the long-term plan of the Planetary Circulations Project is to examine circulations of the two hemispheres for similarities and differences. It should be possible to verify the concepts concerning seasonal changes in slope discussed herein from observational data on trace substances. In particular, the detailed ozone data now available from the ozone sondes will be valuable in this respect; in fact, from the data reported by Hering and Borden,” there is a slope change evident with a maximum in the spring; however, the limited longitude coverage must be borne in mind.