2s TRAINING PROGRAMS, AND OTHER ACTIVITIES UTILIZING NTS AND OTHER NEARBY LOCATIONS Civil Defense Training and Technical Programs ‘ Participation by the Federal Civil Defense Administration in nuclear test activities began in 1951, the year in which the agency was established, and has continued in each test series at Nevada and in the Pacific. The first civil defense participation in the fall of 1951 was limited to a brief course in radiolcgical monitoring for a few FCDA staff members, and to a limited test of home shelters. In April 1952, FCDA took part in the first Nevada "open shot", to which uncleared observers and news media representatives were invited. The shot also was the first to be televised. Technical participation by FCDA was limited to a study project on radiological defense. By the time of the spring 1953 series, FCJA had established a test cperations staff and had developed programs to meet all agency objectives. FCDA technical programs in the "open shot" for that series included tests of typical American residences, home shelters, air zero locators, radiological defense instruments, drugs, structural components, and automobiles. Private industry joined in providing materials and objects to be submitted to the nuclear blast, and in evaluating results. More than 600 civil defense and newsmedia observers witnessed the detonation. In addition, a series of radiological defense courses for State and local radiological defense personnel was begun, and the training offered has proved valuable in developing leaders in this field, Many who have undergone training now are chief radiological defense officers of the civil defense system. Major FCDA participation was involved in the spring 1955 series "open shot'', including an extensive technical test program with much cooperation by private industry. Tests were conducted on various types of residences, shelters designed to withstand high blast pressures, emergency above~ground shelters, several kinds of emergency vehicles, railroad facilities, chemical and other storage facilities, radio and electronics equipment, public utility facilities, foodstuffs, fabrics, house trailers, commercial metal buildings, and other objects, materials, and instruments. More than 500 civil defense specialists*took part in extensive exercises in mass feeding, communications, police, fire, sanitation, medical, welfare and other public services, Civil Air Patrol activities, and command and control techniques. A small group of the participants, including women, experienced the detonation in a trench in a forward position. More than 1,200 attended the program for indoctrination of civil defense officials. Despite delays that postponed the shot for 12 days from April 26 to May 5, about 500 observers stayed on and witnessed the-detonation. - 20 - cont