eiEI IIISEAI IIS The U.S. military forces performed with great effectiveness in this difficult environment. Tour lengths on-atoll were about six months for most personnel, one year for key individuals. Some were volunteers, but because of the specialized nature of most tasks, the majority were assigned from units world-wide having the necessary skills. It was arduous, rigorous work in a harsh environment, with potentially hazardous conditions always present. The planned workweek was 60 hours, with many individuals working much more. Temperatures and humidities were always high, and for those working in confining anti-contamination clothing, short shift lengths had to be established. Living conditions were austere, and recreational facilities were extremely limited (and even here there was potential for danger). In all, over 4,000 U.S. servicemen served on-atoll in the Enewetak radiological cleanup; and six lost their lives (two in industrial accidents, two in a recreational accident, and two unrelated to the environment). - The Army element, which was the largest of the Service contingents, came principally from the 84th Engineer Battalion in Hawaii. These Army engineers performed the bulk of the actual cleanup work, and provided the maintenance capability for the heavy construction equipment. The Army also supplied the helicopter detachment for medical evacuation, search and rescue, and other emergency use. The Navy element, which drew large numbers of its personnel from Assault Craft Unit One of the Pacific Fleet, provided all inter-island water transport--a task which required some 30 Navy landing craft and boats and extensive maintenance facilities for their support. The Navy also provided the Underwater Demolition Teams, the Explosives Ordnance Disposal Teams, and some of the technicians for DoE's radiological laboratories. ~ The Air Force element, whose personnel came from force-wide units, provided a myriad of support functions: Field Radiation Support Teamsfor on-site radiological safety supervision, communications team, staff for the medical facilities, POL (fuels) team, airhead detachment, some laboratory technicians, and postal workers. Despite the rigorous and austere nature of the assignment, personnel problems were few. Individuals understood and supported the important objectives of the radiological cleanup and its national and international significance. In recognition of their unselfish and highly effective efforts, the Secretary of Defense awarded the DoD Humanitarian Service Medal to members of all Services for meritorious participation on-atoll in the Enewetak radiological cleanup. Throughout every step of planning and every day of execution, the most ‘important consideration in the cleanup operation was the radiological safety of individuals involved in the operation. In planning, each aspect of the operation was designed to minimize the potential for exposure of individuals to ionizing radiation. In execution, each operation involving possible radiation exposure was directly supervised and closely reviewed by teams or organizations whose sole function was radiological safety (radsafe). Radiation exposure standards were set conservatively