(2) Assays of urine samples of some 2,000 individuals were carried out, with no indication of any contamination attributable to activities on the atoll. Finally, extensive permanent documentation of individuals involved, their assignments, operations, protection levels, exposures, etc., has been carried out. In summary, it would be difficult to identify additional radsafe precautions that could have been taken. The measured results bear out the effectiveness of the program. During the course of the three-year cleanup operation, numerous changes and setbacks occurred which added significantly to the scope of work and the amount of effort required. Four of the more significant are summarized below: o Throughout the years of planning and into the actual Cleanup Phase, all soil-removal estimates had been based upon plutonium-239 and -240 being the only significant transuranics present in the soil. In early 1978, as more detailed soil characterizations became available, DoE identified that significant amounts of plutonium-238 and americium-241 were also present, and recommended that the cleanup be based upon "total transuranic" concentrations. DNA accepted this recommendation, which significantly improved final island conditions, although it correspondingly increased the quantity of soil to be removed. o In the planning process, the guidelines for soil cleanup which DoE provided to DNA wereasfollows: (i) Residence islands were to be cleaned to a level of 40 picocuries of plutonium-239/240 per gram of soil (pCi/gm); (2) plutonium-239/240 concentrations greater than 400 pCi/gm were to be excised wherever found; and (3) case-by-case decisions were to be made by DNA for cleanup of plutonium-239/240 concentrations between 40 and 400 pCi/gm. In 1978 DoE provided new and expanded radiological guidance to DNA,as follows: (1) Residence islands were to be cleaned to the same numerical standard as before--40 pCi/gm--but now based on total transuranics; pCi/gm; and (2) agriculture islands were to be cleaned to a transuranic level of 80 (3) food-gathering islands were to be cleaned:to a transuranic level of 160 pCi/gm. - These more detailed standards permitted soil removal decisions to be based more directly on cost-benefit considerations; however, because they were much tighter standards, they greatly increased the amountof soil-removal work required. o The original plan did not include cleanup of contaminated soil from the large island of Enjebi in the north, even though this was the ancestral homeland of the dri-Enjebi, and although the transuranic levels in the soil were known to be in excess of the standards for a residence island. This situation was not a planning