The use of certain powerful chemicals can stop acute leukemia from causing immediate death, or cause chronic leukemia to disappear for some time. The end result of leukemia, however, no matter what kind, is ultimately fatal. Another disorder related to cancer noted from Japanese A-bomb survivors is thyroid cancer, and thyroid "nodules" or tumors, which has also been found in the exposed Rongelanese even though the exposures were different. Reports of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) and scientific studies on animals and human beings treated with radiation for therapeutic reasons indicate that irradiation generally results in an increase of tumors and of cancer in general. In the early days of radiation studies, it was thought that it took as much as 1000 roentgens of absorbed radiation to cause cancer. According to one source, however, "Now it has been found (this, by the British) that as little as three to five roentgens received by the unborn child in its last two months before birth has been responsible for cancer of all types appearing a few years later." (94, p. 1264) This finding was supported by the 1964 report of the UN Scientific Committee on the "Effects of Atomic Radiation" speaking of in utero irradiation which said, "These studies have provided the important suggestion that under certain conditions low radia- tion doses, of the order of a few rads, can induce malignancy.” (95, p. 7) Life-Shortening Mainly through animal studies, it is generally agreed among scientists that exposure to radiation, depending upon age at time of exposure and teeta amount of dose, may result in shortening the life of an exposed person by