vols). The total enhancement used to estimate the amount of respired plutonium is the combination of the hi-vol and personal dosimeter values. In the scenario adopted for the calculations, we assume that a person spends 8 h/d under high-activity conditions and 16 h/d under normal conditions. Finally, a breathing rate of 23 m*/d (9.6 m’ under high-activity conditions and 13.4 m’ under normal conditions) and the surface soil concentration (0 to 5 cm) for each island are used to complete the calculation for plutonium and americium intake via inhalation. The dose contribution from the inhalation pathway is a major source of exposure to the transuranic radionuclides, but both the inhalation pathway and the transuranics contribute a minor portion of the total doses predicted over the next several decades. Drinking Water The drinking water pathway contributes a very small portion of the total dose received via all pathways. However, we have included an evaluation to demonstrate its relative contribution and to complete the assessment of all major pathways. Several reports outline the radionuclide concentrations in cistern water and groundwater[4,7,3537]. The range of radionuclide concentrations observed in the drinking water for various atolls is listed in Table 1. Cistern water is preferred and most often used; however, well water is used when drought conditions exist. When well water is used, the suspended materialis allowed to settle out prior to consumption. In addition to drinking water, the Marshallese consume quantities of coffee and Kool-Aid (Malolo) for which they again primarily use cistern water. The total fluid intake using cistern water and well water was determined to be approximately 1 L/d according to the Micronesian Legal Services Corporation (MLSC) survey at Ujelang Atoll [15]. Terrestrial Foods Locally grown foods, when available, are collected and measured for the concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides and for *’Sr, 50 rg We have developed additional personal dosimeter enhancement factors (PDEFs) from personal dosimeter data. These data are normalized to the hi-vol data for a particular condition and represent enhancement that occurs around an individual because of his daily activities (different from the open-air measurement made with the hi- __ TABLE 1.—Radionuclide concentrations in cistern water and groundwat er in pcr L. 197¢-, Atoll and island . Cistern - ee __waler ; ~ rr Ground _water Cistern __water Bikini Eneu (Bikini Likiep Likiep Rikuraru Wotho Ujelang Ujelang Ailuk Enijabro Ailuk Mejit Utirik Utirik Rongelap Rongelap Enietok Kwajalein _ _Kwajalein 031 1.9 31 430 “9G, 239+ 200,, Oe 0.24 0.61 Ground water _ Cratern water a Ground water ee 3} 0.0044 120 0.0063 0.009 0.045 0.058 0.066 0.086 0.18 0.3 0.12 0.070 0.055 0.090 0.28 0.21 0.033 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.110 0.41 0.090 0.028 0.0004 0.10 0.078 0.14 0.25 0.6 0.76 0.074 0.049 0.046 0.45 0.14 0.11 <0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 0.14 6.5 0.097 0.882 0.0005 0.00011 0.00030 O.0015 —_ 0.0002 0.46 1.1 1.0 0.28 0.15 0.0012 0.082 — 0.008 — (0.0002 _ 0.0002 — — — 0.080 _ _9.052 <0.0001 <0.00004 <0.0001 ) 0.00012 eeePu, and “''Am. Occasionally, samples are also analyzed for 7"Pu and “*'Pu. On major residence islands at Enewetak and Bikini Atoll where no local foods were available, we established test plots of the common foods historically used by the Marshallese. These include coconut, breadfruit, Pandanusfruit, papaya, banana, squash, sweet potato, and a few other items. In addition, we collected and analyze d samples of domestic meats, such as pigs and chickens, and of land crabs that are occasionally consumed. Nearly 100 coconut trees have been sampled on a continuing basis and thousandsof coconuts have been analyzed from Bikini and Eneu Islands to estimate the average concentration of the radionu clides in coconut meat andfluid [15]. At Enewetak Atoll, about 100 trees that we planted on Enjebi Island in 1975 have recently started bearing fruit and are now available for analysis. Coconut trees were sample d at each atoll during the NMIRS [6]. Fewer breadfruit, Pandan usfruit, at Bikini and Enewetak range from 8 to 50; the number of trees qanpled was more limited at atolls visited as part of the NMIRS. ; amples from a half-dozen pigs and many chickens have been analyzed © determine the average concentration in domestic meats. About 5000 51