est 68 FALLOUT EFFECTS—MARSHALL ISLANDERS 1. More definitive studies are needed on the comparative effectiveness of I-131, short-lived iodine isotopes, and x rays in producing thyroid abnormalities. These studies should be done with large animals having thyroids nearer the size of human glands. 2. More data are needed on low-dose effects of x rays and radioiodines on the thyroid, including more data on effects from diagnostic use of I-131 and other radioisotopes. 3. Further information is desirable on other possible radionuclides that might be concentrated in the thyroid from fallout. 4. In view of the preponderance of thyroid abnormalities in the Marshallese children and in two exposed in utero, further data would be desirable on thyroid weight and function in children and human fetuses. It is obvious that regular examinations of the exposed Marshallese must con- tinue throughouttheir lifetime. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In addition to those people cited in the footnotes, many others, too numerous ‘to mention here, have contributed to or participated in the examinations of the Marshallese over the past 28 years. Only a few of the organizations and people that have been so essential to the program can be listed here. Among these are Brookhaven National Laboratory (Drs. E. P. Cronkite, V. P. Bond, W. Adams,present director of the Marshallese studies, K. Knudsen, H. Pratt, D. C. Borg, and R. B. Aronson; and Messrs. W. Scott and P. Heotis, Ms. M. Dienes, and many others); the Department of Energy (Washington, Nevada, and Pacific Area Offices); the Departmentof the Interior, Government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Government of the Marshall Islands and the Kwajalin Missile Range in the Marshall Islands; and the Marshallese practitioners and technicians. Most ofall, we are grateful to the people of the Marshall Islands, the subjects of these examinations, for their cooperation and friendship over the years. REFERENCES 1. Ackerman, L. V., and Rosai, J. (1974): Surgical Pathology, pp. 316-319, C. V. Mosby, St. Louis. 2. Albert, R. E., and Omran, A. R. (1968): Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis. Arch. Environ. Health, 17:899-918. at, 3. Beach, S. A., and Dolphin, G. W. (1962): A study of the relationship between x-ray dose delivered to the thyroids of children and the subsequent development of malignant tumors. Phys. Med. Biol. 6:583-598. 4. Becker, D. V., McConahey, W. M., Dobyns, B. M., Tompkins, E., Sheline, G. E., and Workman, J. B. (1971): The results of the thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study. In: Further Advances i aul ny "Shed in Thyroid Research, Vol. 1, edited by K. Fellinger and R. Hofer, pp. 603-609. Gistel, Vienna. 5. Beebe, G. W., Kato, H., and Land, C. E. (1978): Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. 6. Mortality and radiation dose. 1950-1975. Radiat. Res., 75:138-201. Pug