cous membranes from improperly prepared arrowroot flour is not uncommon. Both have erroneously been associated with radiation effects in the minds of the Rongelap people. Diabetes mellitus is a major problem andis discussed separately in Section III. G. A program is under wayto build new dispensaries on the outer islands. On Ebeye a new hospita] building has provided improved conditionsfor health care. It is against this general background that our examinationstake place. Weare privileged to get generoushelp from the local health authorities in our task, and conversely when weare on the scene we cannot avoid getting involved in problemsoutside the scope of fallout complications. Major physical findings during the past 5 years are listed in Table 8. B. VITAL STATISTICS: FERTILITY AND MORTALITY The numberoflive births during the last 5-year period was 37 amongthe exposed and 69 amongthe unexposed. Calculated as live births per year per 1000 population these numbersgive a birthrate of 112 for the exposed and 106 for the unexposed. In addition, there were 10 miscarriages among the exposed and 18 amongthe unexposed,so that,in both groups, one pregnancyoutoffive ended in miscarriage. This is approximately the samefre- quencyas observedin the past (see Table 9). Legal abortions are not performedin the Mar- shall Islands, and there is no reason to believe that anyof the pregnancy terminations on record were provoked. Family planning has not been practiced in the past althoughit is slowly gaining ground. Wetherefore believe that the fertiliry and fetus viability indicated by these statistics are the natural ones, and, although the exposed females showed an apparent increase in miscarriages during the first 5 years, there is no evidence suggesting that the history of exposure to radiation has had any permanenteffect on either. The people who havedied arelisted by year in Table 10, with their age and probable cause of death (such death certificates as are available are not alwaysspecific). The overall mortality rate for the 20-year period is ~12 per 1000 per yearfor the exposed Rongelap group and ~ 13 for the un- exposed; for the last 5-year period the rates are ~9 and ~21 respectively. These differences are notstatistically significant; in such small groups Table 11 Mortality, Utirik (Av. age at death: 613) Year 1956 1957 1957 1957 1958 1959 1959 1959 1959 1960 1960 1960 1961 1961 1963 1964 1964 1964 1965 1965 Subject Age No. & sex Year 2118 2184 2219 2222 2243 2122 2127 2170 2187 2116 2131 2180 2177 2199 2203 2163 2190 2192 2121 2154 24M 63M 57 F 63 F 50 M 87M 73M 46M 61F 27 F 35 F 76M 11M 49 F 71F 75M 85 F 84 F 68 M SIF 1965 1965 1965 1965 1967 1967 1967 1968 1968 1968 1968 1969 1969 1970 1970 1971 1971 1972 1972 1973 1974 Subject No. 2183 2204 2238 2253 2181 2202 2223 2101 2112 2141 2259 2191 2214 2175 2211 2258 2246 2178 2252 2186 2201 Age & sex 67M 7LF 65 F 56 M 78 M 72F 19 F 62 M 70M 67 F 36 F 90 F 80M 73M 65 M 64 M 25 F 37M , 57M 67 F 68 F observed over such short periods, differences this large or larger could occur by chance ( p<0.05). Evenso, had the trend been in the opposite direction, we would have had reason to be concerned; as an example, we are keeping a careful watch on the apparentincrease in malignancies (see Section V). The mortality rate among the exposed Utirik people was ~ 13 for the 20-year period and ~ 14 for the last 5 years. The deathsarelisted in Table 11, but causes are not given becauseof insufficient data. Recent misconceptions make it necessary to clarify comparisons with district-wide statistics. Thevital statistics of the Trust Territory have improved greatly over the 20 years covered by these reports, but they arestill not published in sufficient detail to permit valid comparisons with ours. The age distributions are too different: districtwide the median ageis 16 years, whereas in our groupit is between 30 and 40. Thedifference between the mortality in the general population (~7 per 1000 per year) and that in our groups (~ 13) reflects this difference in age distribution andis notrelated to the history of exposure. A similareffect can be seen on the birthrate (~40 per 1000 per year district-wide and ~110 in our groups).