4 lated directly to radiation effects during thefirst few years post exposure. No prophylactic or specific therapy for radiation effects was ever con- sidered necessary or given. Epidemics of chicken pox and measles that occurred during the first year showed nogreaterincidenceor severity in the exposed than in the unexposed Marshalles people. Duringthefirst months post exposure about % of the exposed people exhibited loss ofweight of several pounds. This may possibly have been related to their radiation exposure, although it was difficult to rule out possible effects due to change of environment. At 3 years post exposure the immune response to primary and secondary tetanus antitoxin was tested and found notto be significantly different in the exposed compared with the unexposed populations. There were 10 deaths in the exposed popula- tions over the 10-year period (see Table 6). Of these, 2 deaths were recorded as due to malignan- cies. The 10 deaths that have occurred in the ex- posed population represent a mortality rate of 12.2 per 1000 population per annum, compared with 8.3 for the Marshall Islands as a whole (1960). The somewhat higherdeath rate in the exposed group is partly offset by the higher proportion of older people; those >65 years of age were originally 20% in the exposed group and only 7% in the unexposed group. Growth and development studies on the children (height, weight, anthropometric measurements, and radiographic studies for bone age) havere- vealed slight retardation in growth and develop- ment in the boys exposed on Rongelap who were <12 years of age at the time of exposure, particu- larly those 12 to 18 months of age at exposure. Only slight immaturity was noted in the female _a children of this group. In studies of children born of exposed parent(s), it was noted that males showed a slight growth retardation andslightly lower levels of peripheral blood elements compared with male children of unexposed parents; however, this latter finding has not been evident since 1963. Theslight growth difference does not appearto justify a conclusion that thereis an association with exposureof the parent. It was difficult to evaluate the effects on fertility. However, a review of the birth rate of the exposed groupsoverthe past 10 years seemsto indicate no noticeableeffects of their exposure on fertility. The 50 births represent a rate of 61 per 1000 population per annum comparedwith 37.3 for the Marshall Islands (1957). The incidence of miscarriages andsézl/births in these exposed women wasabout twice that in the unexposed women during the first 4 years after exposure, but no difference has been noted since then (see Table 8). A cardiovascularsurvey of the adults (1959)’ showed no outstanding differences between the exposed and unexposed groups. The Marshallese people appeared to haveless hypertension on the whole than is noted in people in the continental United States. An arthritis survey (1959)’ showed no greatdifferences between the exposed and the unexposed people, and about the sameincidenceasis seen in American populations. Ophthalmologtcal surveys showed no remarkable differences between the exposed and unexposed groups except possibly a slightly greater numberof cases of pterygia, pingueculae, and cornealscars in the exposed groups. It is not known whether these findings are of any significancein relation to their radiation exposure. Slit-lamp observations showed no opacities of the lens characteristic of radiation exposure. As a whole, visual and accom- modation levels in the Marshallese appeared to be above the average in the U.S. population. Dental surveys’ showed nosignificant differences in caries rate between exposed and unexposed groups. However, the incidence and severity of peridontal disease wasslightly greater in the exposed group.It is not known whetheror notthis finding is related to radiation effects. The poor oral hygiene generally observed in the Marshallese hadits usual results, namely, high caries rate in teen-age children, severe peridontal lesions in adults (heavy calculus and loss of alveolar bone), and edentulous mouths in the aged. Radiation ex- posure did not appear to haveaffected developing dentition in the exposed children. Aging studies were done in which various param- eters usually associated with aging were measured or estimated on a 0 to 4 + scale (skin looseness, elasticity, and senile changes; graying of the hair and balding; accommodation, visual acuity, and arcus senilis; hearing; cardiovascular changesin- cluding blood pressure and degrees of peripheral and retinal arteriosclerosis; neuromuscular func- tion; and hand strength). Comparison of these measurements in exposed and unexposedindivid-