23 slightly shorter and weighedslightly less than un- exposed children of the sameage. In utero effects, pregnancy, andfertility. Pregnancies are believed to have been in the normal range for the Marshallese with regard to number,course, and termination. No abnormalities were observed in the babies irradiated in utero. Psychic effects. Little or no effect on the psyche related to their radiation exposure or displacement has been observed in the Rongelap people. Hematological effects. Lymphocytes andplatelets (mean population counts) continue to lag in complete recovery when compared with the unexposed group. There was also a downwardtrend of leukocytes compared with examinations a year ago. However, the unexposed comparison population had similarly lower levels compared with previous comparison groups. Hematocrits were low by our standards in exposed as well as unexposed people. The low values are believed to be related to widespread parasitism and chronic infections (skin and caries). These diseases may also be related to the high total serum proteins (average of about 8.0 g) with high gammaglobulinfraction noted in most of the Marshallese. unexposed Marshallese. From these observations it would appearthat someofthe higher estimates of radiation induced aging in the humanbeingare too high. Degenerative diseases. No increase in degenerative diseases was noted in the irradiated people compared with the unexposed populations. Carcinogenesis and leukemia. No canceror leukemia was seen. Examination of blood smears failed to reveal any consistent decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity of neutrophils or increase in basophils indicative of early leukemia. Ophthalmological effects. No loss of visual acuity or appearanceof opacities of the lens that could be related to radiation effects was seen. Genetic effects. Genetic studies have not been carried out. However, no anomalies have been noted in the 13 babies born of irradiated parents since exposure. Beta Lesions Gross and microscopic studies of residual skin lesions revealed no premalignant or malignant changes. Beta Lesions Internal Radiation Fifteen residual beta lesions showed varying degrees of mild atrophy, scarring, and pigmentaberration. No chronic radiation dermatitis was noted. A twofold greater incidence of pingueculae and pterygia was noted in the -~posed group.It is not known whetherradiation exposure to the eyes might have enhanced the developmentof such abnormalities. Radiochemical analyses of urine samples and whole-body gammaspectroscopy for Cs**” revealed levels of this isotope several times higher than found in Americans, but far below accepted tolerance levels. Because of subsequent world-wide fallout, determination of the residueof the original exposure wasdifficult to differentiate from later absorption. Sr®° levels as of a year ago werefar below tolerance levels. The body burden ofisotopes had dwindled rapidly over the three years since exposure and is not considered to present any long-term hazard. The Rongelap people were moved backto their homeisland in June 1957. The levels of contamination ontheisland are reduced sufficiently to allow safe habitation. Internal Radiation Noacute or subacute effects have occurred from internal deposition of fallout isotopes because of the low body burdensof radionuclides absorbed. LATE EFFECTS Penetrating Radiation Premature aging and shortening of life span. One death (at the time of this survey) or 1.5% incidence compares favorably with 5 deaths or 3.0% mortality in the Utirik people (who received about 14 r). In general the exposed people did not appearolder or seem to have aged faster than the FUTURE PLANS Future examinationsof the Marshallese people will include studies of the subsiding acute and subacute effects; long-term effects of radiation on the humanbeing; and valuable ecological radiation studies of the people related to the soil-food-hu-