: SaeaSTae el | | A shelter plan for the area should show the locations, size, and service area of com- munal underground shelters, and the areas in which family underground shelters will be used. The latter may be limited to rural areas, owing to the need for mechanical services in shelters that may have to be occupied for many days under conditions of heavy fallout from multiple sources. A communications plan should show alternate routings available for wire communications in the dispersed development district, together with protected or undergroundsites for telephone exchanges and radio transmitters. Administrative Controls In addition to the various plans there must be appropriate administrative tools for holding development in line with plans. New techniques in zoning must be developed to ensure uniform application of density restrictions over the entire metropolitan area. = This might be accomplished by adoption of urban defense zoning regulations at the state [ level, with interstate uniformity achieved by compact. Another important tool in maintaining standards in areas of new developmentis the local ordinance regulating subdivision of land. Standards flowing from urban defense requirements might be applied locally under state coordination or might be established directly at the state level. Major public expenditures are required to stimulate rapid development of dispersed areas. Costs are most burdensomein the fields of highways, water supply, and sewerage. Underground shelters would be a new addition to this list. The physical development plans must be accompanied by a public works construction priority schedule. It is obvious that water and sewer service must be provided first to the nuclei that are first served by freeways. The public works program is usually planned on a 3-, 5-, or 6-yr basis. For a major effort such as dispersal of new underground shelters the period might be extended to 10 yr, or to 13 yr, as for the new national highway program. Adherence to construction priorities is maintained through the capital budget that covers annually the current year’s public works program.. OTHER COMPONENTS OF A METROPOLITAN REGIONAL PLAN This section briefly treats topics other than those directly connected with shelter that would normally be included in a well-rounded reduction-of-vulnerability program. These topics fall into two broad categories: structural protection, and advance planning by management and government. Structural protection may be applied to buildings, process equipment, and utilities. A typical field is in hardening buildings to minimize building losses and preserve usable floor space in the face of enemy attack. This aim is distinct from that of preserving life through construction of shelters, but may be related to the latter. One method of obtaining hardening, probably maximum hardening,is to place installations underground. The Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, in recommending that underground construction should at least be planned now has stated: The study of the need for underground plants must of course take into account the possibility of dispersion, camouflage, duplication of facilities, stockpiling, and transportation. However, whenall is said and done, nothing affords better protection [of production and production personnel| than a plant located underground in a sound rock formation. A minimum of 50 feet of overhead cover will provide a reasonable degree of protection against all known weapons."! ORO—R-17 (App B) 89