54 WEAPONS i’ORLDWIDE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC e collection. Such pettravels to the foreign place to supervise the sampl ency of sample collection sonal contact will undoubtedly improve the effici for the domestic cases, too. size of the specimens Nothing has yet been said about the probable ing program outlined required, statistical factors that relate to the sampl ts are discussed in the here, or the laboratory techniques. These subjec following sections of this chapter. Statistical Considerations a pilot sample survey have The general area of study and the outline of carrying out of this pilot been presented in the previous section. The that will have to be solved sample survey poses several statistical problems by the survey. Basically the before satisfactory results can be obtained make to sampling problems: science of statistics has two contributions to individual observations 1. To enjoin randomness in the selection of ss so as to ensure against at various points in the sampling proce bias in the estimates obtained; standard error) of the > ‘To increase the accuracy (minimize the average lifetime dose estimates of the required quantities (e.g., g advantage of the given some steady-state situation) by takin n of the collection desig structure of the underlying process in the and in the analysis of the sample data. come into play when the detailed The first of these contributions will collection of the various samples prescriptions are written out for the fact the description of the samples described in the preceding section. In before any sampling can be themselves will have to be greatly expanded nd y is a pilot-type program, the seco done. Since the proposed sample surve much into prominence. Pilot procontribution of statistics cannot come , SPN ey ehranipar erianbermpaebeci i eisSCUCO ned, using the iously desig larger sampling program can be more judic r (2) above. At present we know considerations that are subsumed unde so that there is not much very little about the processes we are studying, ntage of now. Something, of structure in the problem to be taken adva the kind of analysis one might course, can be done, and an example of SAMPLING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM 55 bed in the following attempt in the case of the human samplesis descri paragraphs. A Sample Analysis of Human Data geographic disAll hazard calculations will have to be specific to some from various comes r, howeve tribution, The food supply of a given city, itself, but in most cases regions, some of them quite distant from the city ed. In any case the water, milk, and fresh vegetables are locally suppli analysis will have differentcities have different food-supply areas and any is to be done. to take this into account. The only question is how this e on which an schem of The following is a crude model of the sori exposure function analysis may be built. The model has two elements: an any person, the age and E(t) and an ingestion function a(t), in which, tor to it by transall chronological times for the community are normalized Sr’? available of t amoun the Jation in the time axis. By exposure is meant of the indit onmen envir in the total environmentof the individual. The , for Kansas es vidual no matter where he lives in this cou try includ . The dose of an example, if the wheat in his diet comes from Kansas individual at age T ts D(T) = fEa) at. variables are to The real problem for even the crudest analysis is what The following them. enter into E(t) and a(t) and how are we to measure ted in the bones of is suggested as a first attempt to relate the Sr°° deposi ure funchuman beings to somecalculated exposure. Let E(t), the expos distribution of fallout tion, be determined by (1) the geographic and time study, and (3) the under of Sr°°, (2) the food sources of the area (city) the fallout is made gross scavenging process of nature by meansof which 7 per unit area nonavailable. Denote by X(r) the fallout of Sr°° at time be assumed to over an appropriate area; the exposure E(t) might then be equal to E(t) =f X(z) exp [—B(# — 7) 1 4r, ter. As a where f represents a generalized decay and scavenging parame