50 WORLDWIDE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC WEAPONS SAMPLING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM made.*) Several of the more active of the older samples from TRINITY and the active rain water collected in eastern Massachusetts will be useful for the calibration mentioned. Inasmuch as human samplesare importantin all phases of the investigation, it is desirable to have at least one sample soil types may influence the amounts of Sr°° reaching humansoraffecting other important bionomiccycles. With these factors in mind, the following six areas are suggested for investigation in the pilot program: (1) northern Utah or southwestern Idaho, (2) Kansas or Iowa, (3) New England (Boston), (4) South available during the early stages of the experimental program. (Arrangements for such human bone samples from the Boston area have already been made by A. K. Solomon of the Harvard Medical School.) America, (5) England, and (6) Japan. There are fallout data already available from most of these areas. Area 1 is selected as representing an area of maximum fallout. Area 2 represents lesser fallout, but is important as the center of the grain-growing The discussion of the factors involved in this problem as presented in the earlier sections of this report serves as a guide to the type of sample and the location from which samples should be taken. It is fairly obvious that the samples should be obtained both from locations that are near to detonation sites and that represent exposure to high fallouts and from exposure. The areas so chosen might also represent a variation in other than distance and exposure. All such variables as dietary habits, source Sotdiet 4 and types of food, water and milk sources, amount of rainfall, and loca! *Private communication, Merril Eisenbud, “Strontium Analysis of NYOO Fallout Samples,” July 23, 1953: “The method of analysis consisted of dissolving in acid the ashed fallout samples. The alkaline metals were precipitated as oxalate and were followed by two separations of strontium as the nitrate. Collected samples spiked with strontium-90 yield an 80% to 85% recovery. “The confirmatory yttrium milking procedure has not at this writing been completed. The strontium assays follow: region. Area 3 hasstill less fallout, but is an area where considerable information is already available on radioactive contamination of rain, ts locations downstream from the detonations representing areas of lesser streams, and reservoirs. South America, Area 4, provides an area in the southern hemisphere; and England, Area 5, is in a northern-hemisphere area where exposure should be very low, but samples readily obtainable. Japan, Area 6, is included because excellent arrangementsare presently in effect there for obtaining human specimens from all age groups. Then, too, the Japanese specimens will represent a much longer exposure time and will also provide an opportunity to observe any effects of different diets and living habits on the concentration of Sr’ in humans. In each of these six areas, the following types and numbers of samples should be considered: Human material, 12 samples ..... 0 to 10 years old, epiphysial end of rib, pooled—2 samples, 2 teeth 10 to 20 years old, epiphysial end of rib, pooled—z samples, 2 teeth Over 20 years old, epiphysial end of rib, pooled—-2 samples, 2 teeth Livestock, 10 samples ........... Young animal, rib—3 samples Mature animal, rib—3 samples Bone meal—3 samples Teeth—1 sample Counts per Minute Place Date Total Strontium % Strontium T/S 1 Boise 6/5 6600 760 11.3% 6/5 6/5 7500 2600 250 82 3.3% 4.2% 11/5 8800 218 2.5% 11/4 26900 750 28% 2 Boise 3 Gooding IVY 4 Iwo 5 6 Manila 11/6 1700 39 2.3% Cow milk, or milk solids—3 samples Foodstuffs, 8 samples ........... Theoretical T/S 5% Ivy 7! /2% | 3-89 Waters, 3 samples 2-90 614-89 Soils, 3 samples 1-90 Reference Hunter and Ballou.” St Feces, human, pooled—1t sample Local truck farms—1 grain, 1 root, 1 leaf The total number of samples from each area is thus 36, giving a worldwide total of 216.