siderable number of unexposed persons. All the
inhabitants of Rongelap, Mejato, and Utirik are
eligible for medical attention at the time of the
team visits to those islands. Team physicians
need not be aware of the status of radiation
exposure of the individual patient because
health care delivery is the same for everyone.
The only difference allotted to the exposed population is a U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored

referral system to the Marshallese health care
system orto tertiary care facilities in the United
States for diseases that can reasonably be considered to be radiation-related or for diagnosis
of such diseases. Unexposed persons are
directed into the referral channels of the Health
Services of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
wherebyreferrals are assigned on the basis of
priorities set by a medical committee in Majuro.
Any exposed person who has, or who might
have, a malignant neoplasm, is referred to
secondary or tertiary medical facilities for a
definitive evaluation and for therapyif lesion is
found.The usual hospitals to which patients are
referred are in Honolulu and Cleveland, the latter because of the presence there of a preeminent thyroid surgeon who has long been
involved with the exposed and Comparison
groups of Marshallese.
The medical program also dispenses primary
medical care and preventive medical services,
such as immunizations, during visits to the
exposed population. In bringing modern facilities for diagnosis and treatmentof disease to the
exposed Marshallese, the physicians of the medical program come into contact with children

and other family members of the exposed, as
wel] as other inhabitants ofthe islands. It has
been the policy of the Department of Energy to
support the medical program in its efforts to
provide primary medical care to these individuals on the basis of humanitarian need and as
resources permit.
The medical direction of the Marshall Islands
Medical Program and the organization of the
medical missions to the Marshall Islands are
centered at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
The staff of the program includes a physiciandirector, an administrator, and a technical specialist at the Laboratory, and a Marshallese
laboratory technician on Ebeye. At the time of
the missions a variety of physicians are chosen
for the medical team. Theyare skilled volun-

teers, primarily faculty from medical schools,
often with past experience with the program.
Logistical support is provided by the Depart-

ment of Energy, capably faciRageed by Holmes

and Narver, Inc., Honolulu, HY&he Marshall
Islands government, as requested, temporarily
assigns nurses, translators, and other health
care workers to each mission.
Although there are two medical missions each
year, in the interim the exposed population has
access to the Marshallese health care system. To
expedite exchange of medical information,
copies of all examination and laboratory data
from the Marshall Islands Medical Program are
forwarded to the Marshall Islands Health Service hospitals on Ebeye and Majuro and to the
special programs set up for persons from the
radiation-affected atolls, currently the 177
Health Care Plan with administrative offices at
the Majuro hospital. In addition, copies of the
examinations and laboratory data are given to
the examinees.
A computer program with data base was
developed for portable (lap-top) computers.
Computerization of the clinical data permits
rapid access while in the field to all findings
obtained during the preceding five years of
examinations and to selected data collected
over more than thirty years. It is hoped that in
the near future the development of compatible
programs by the Marshallese 177 Health Care
Plan will permit sharing of up-to-date problem
lists and other medical record items that are
important to effective continuity of care.
The Marshall Islands Medical Program, as a
satellite clinic of the Clinical Research Center,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, is accredited
by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations, a nationwide organization that sets standards of performance for
institutions dispensing medical care and monitors compliance with those standards. By voluntary participation in the accreditation process,
the Marshall Islands Medical Program receives a
valuable and impartial external review of its
policies and procedures, as well as an assessment of the adequacyof the servicesit provides.
Laboratory and radiological services, medical
records, patient satisfaction, pharmaceutical
services, and clinical competence of physicians
are among the many items reviewed by the Joint
Commission.

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