to begin with; and the guiding philosophy was for operations to be conducted so as to assure that radiation exposure of individuals was limited to the lowest levels practicable within these standards. The goal has been to ensure that any actual exposures are so much lower than today's standards that they should not be a cause for concern even if future Federal exposure standards were to be tightened by a factor of ten or more. The standard operating procedures for the radiological safety program were developed by experts from DoE, Sandia Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, and DNA. The program was implemented in the field by a specially qu?lified grnup of Air Force personnel organized into Field Radiation Support Teams. These teams were under the supervision of trained radiation safety personnel in the Radiation Control Livision of the Joint Task Group (JTG) staff on the atoll. Overseeing these organizations and monitoring the overall radiological safety program was an on-atoll Radiation Control Committee, which included the JTG Deputy Commander, a medical doctor, a DoE representative, and a representative from each of the Service elements. Finally, an independent "Radiation Safety Audit and Inspection Team" of experts headed by the Director, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI), and including representatives from DoE and the three Services, visited the atoll frequently during the project to ensure the radsafe policies and procedures were sound and that actual practices in effect at the work sites were effective. Personnel assigned to Enewetak Atoll were briefed on the known and potential radiological risks involved in the operation. Upon arrival, all personnel received an initial orientation covering the operation and the potential hazards-not only those involving radiation, but also sunburn, coral, swimming, fish, and others. A sizeable percentage of the servicemen assigned to Enewetak--those who lived and worked on the southern islands--had no potential for exposure to radiation. The others--those who were engaged in cleanup of radioactive debris and soil--underwent additional training covering operations in controlled areas, potential risks, and radiological safety procedures. Written standard operating procedures outlined the conduct of all operations. The most fundamental procedure employed to keep exposure to a minimum was rigid control of access to contaminated islands. Extensive knowledge of the radiological environment was available before the cleanup began. Reports of the nuclear tests were reviewed to ascertain exactly where each test occurred, and the patterns of known or expected radioactive contamination that resulted from it. Helicopter surveys were then made to define the existing radiation situation in more detail. Finally, DoE conducted a detailed island-by-island survey to identify precise radiological contamination contours before the removal of soil and debris began. Travel to controlled (contaminated) islands was permitted only for cleanuprelated purposes, and individuals were logged in and ovt on each occasion. Personnel working on these islands were under supervision of the Radiation Control Division and under constant surveillance of a Field Radiation Support Team. This