we exposure to tropical sunlight, potentially carcinogenic in itself, may increase the probability of neoplastic change. The influence of the sub-lethal whole body exposure received by these people on skin cancer induction is not known. The transverse band of pigmentation that was observed in the fingernails has been previously observed by Sutton™ in a negress who received 150 r of soft X-ray to the hands. The Table 3.3 SURFACE DOSES IN REP REQUIRED TO PRODUCE RECOGNIZABLE EPIDERMAL INJURY Investigator Animal Taotopo Average Energy (Mev) Surface Dose (rep) Henshow, et al?? Rats p? 0.6 1,800 - 4,000 Raper & Barnes** Raper & Harnes*® Rats Mice p® p2 0,5 0.6 0.5 0.3 4,000 1,600 5,000 2,00 ~ 6,000 s* 0.05 20,000 — 30,000 Raper & arnes?® Lushbaugh® Moritz and Henriques” Moritz and - Rabbits Sheep Pigs p2 sr” . Henriques” Pigs Co" 0.1 4,000 ~5,000 Henriques*® Pigs Cs!" 0.2 2,000 - 3,000 Henriques™ Pigs sr“? 0.3 1,500~2,000 Henriques” Pigs y" 0.5 1,500 —2,000 Henriques” Pigs y* 0.7 __ 1,500-2,000 Moritz and Moritz and Moritz and Morttz and nature of the pigment is not known. Since it occurred in all exposed American Negroes, many of the Marshallese, and none of the American whiteg, it is a radiation response peculiar to negroid races. The pigmentation was apparently produced by as little as 75 r of gamma radiation since the American Negroes developed the phenomenon in the absence of significant contamination of the hands. 3.8 CONCLUSIONS As a result of this accident the following conclusions can be drawn with respect to beta damage to the skin. a. Serious skin contamination of personnel from fallout may occur many miles from the detonation of a nuclear device. Resultant radiation damage to the skin may be the major radiation effect under conditions where early evacuation from the field of radiation reduces the whole body exposure. b. Fairly extensive skin lesions resulting from fallout beta radiation apparently produce little or no systemic or hematological effects. c. Decontamination of the skin must be prompt to be effective because of the initial high beta dose rate. d. A latent period of a few days to three to four weeks may elapse before signs and symptoms of skin damage are evident. e. Clothing and/or any type of shelter gives almost complete protection to the skin.