Fourth: doses calculated on the long fallout hypothesis are lower than those due to a short fallout, since a short fallout quickly deposits a large amount of activity. On Rongerik, a set of film badge readings covered the range listed below. Several badges worn both outdoors and mside buildings on the island read 50) 65 r, and one badge which remained outdoors over the 28.5 hr period read 94 r. Another group kept indoors inside a refrigerator read a8 co These dose values represent a variety of conditions, but considering the shielding and attenuittion factors, are consistent with the assumption that the dose reached the calculated upper Limit outside, again favoring the shorter fallout hypothesis. The upper dimit of 08 r will result tf it isassumed that the fallout lasted one hour during which the tntensities rose from zero to the maxtmum dose rate which then decayed to values observed liter, A long fallout will not produce sucha high dose of radiation. Fifth: on Utirik, only a short fallout time is consistent with the later dose rates observed, provided the fallout began as late as was estimated from wind and distance factors. A one hour duration’ of fallout appears likely. On the other islands the actual fallout time is known to have exceeded one hour; however, since the approximate dose discussed above was seen to fit the film data on Rongerik, it was used for the other islands as listed in the calculations in Table 1.1. The hour limit is thus “an effective value.” If the long fallout case is also considered, a lower limit for the dose may alsobe estimated, though the upper limit is taken as most probable. The ranges are then as follows: Rongerik 50 r 104 r; Rongelap 102 r--175 r; Ailinginae 53 r-~69 r; and Utirik —14 r. The dose value for Rongerik given in Table 1.1 is 75 per cent of the short fallout case value, averaged for 28.5 and 34 hour exposures. This best expresses the average air dose received by personnel who spent roughly half their time inside structures where the dose rate was later found to be roughly half that outdoors. On the other islands no such shielding was present, Figure 1.3, for the Rongelap atoll, illustrates the cumulative dose as a function of time after the detonation. It can be seen that the rate of delivery of the dose varied continuously, the major portion being received at the higher dose rate prevailing in the early portion of the exposure period. By the time that 90 per cent of the dose had been received, for example, the dose rate had fallen to .ess than 30 per cent of its initial value. Thus the dose’ rate of exposure differed markedly from that usually encountered using x-ray units. 1.4.4 Geometry of the Exposures A third difference between the type of exposure encountered here and other external exposures lay in the geometry of the source. These doses were delivered from a plane source, so that the radiation field did not follow the narrow beam geometry usually employed experimentally. In such a diffuse 360° field, the decrease of dose with depth in tissue is less pronounced than that resulting from a unilateral or bilateral exposure to an X-ray beam, so that for a given energy, the dose at the center of the abdomen is approximately 50 per cent higher than a given air dose would imply for the narrow beam case. Figure 1.4 illustrates an ex- perimental simulation of the field geometry using a spherically oriented group of Co® sources with a phantom placed at their center, compared with a conventional depth dose curve obtained with a single source, It would appear under the circumstances that the midline dose, rather than dose measured in air, would be the better parameter in terms predicting biological effects. On this basis, the air dose values stated in Table 1.1 should be multiplied by approxi mately 1.5 in order to compare their effects to those of an exposure using a narrow beam geometry. If this is done, assuming a fast fallout of one hour, the following doses in terms of an air dose under laboratory conditions result: Rongelap 260 r; Ailinginae 100 r; Rongerik 120 r; and Utirik 21 r. * While it is obvious that the fallout lasted longer than one hour, calculations of dose are based on an assumed one hour fallout as explained in the text.