we
exposure to tropical sunlight, potentially carcinogenic in itself, may increase the probability of
neoplastic change. The influence of the sub-lethal whole body exposure received by these
people on skin cancer induction is not known.
The transverse band of pigmentation that was observed in the fingernails has been previously observed by Sutton™ in a negress who received 150 r of soft X-ray to the hands. The
Table 3.3
SURFACE DOSES IN REP REQUIRED TO PRODUCE RECOGNIZABLE
EPIDERMAL INJURY
Investigator
Animal
Taotopo
Average
Energy (Mev)
Surface
Dose (rep)
Henshow, et al??
Rats
p?
0.6
1,800 - 4,000
Raper & Barnes**
Raper & Harnes*®
Rats
Mice
p®
p2
0,5
0.6
0.5
0.3
4,000
1,600
5,000
2,00 ~ 6,000
s*
0.05
20,000 — 30,000
Raper & arnes?®
Lushbaugh®
Moritz and
Henriques”
Moritz and
-
Rabbits
Sheep
Pigs
p2
sr”
.
Henriques”
Pigs
Co"
0.1
4,000 ~5,000
Henriques*®
Pigs
Cs!"
0.2
2,000 - 3,000
Henriques™
Pigs
sr“?
0.3
1,500~2,000
Henriques”
Pigs
y"
0.5
1,500 —2,000
Henriques”
Pigs
y*
0.7
__ 1,500-2,000
Moritz and
Moritz and
Moritz and
Morttz and
nature of the pigment is not known. Since it occurred in all exposed American Negroes, many
of the Marshallese, and none of the American whiteg, it is a radiation response peculiar to
negroid races. The pigmentation was apparently produced by as little as 75 r of gamma radiation since the American Negroes developed the phenomenon in the absence of significant contamination of the hands.
3.8
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of this accident the following conclusions can be drawn with respect to beta
damage to the skin.
a. Serious skin contamination of personnel from fallout may occur many miles from the
detonation of a nuclear device. Resultant radiation damage to the skin may be the major radiation effect under conditions where early evacuation from the field of radiation reduces the
whole body exposure.
b. Fairly extensive skin lesions resulting from fallout beta radiation apparently produce
little or no systemic or hematological effects.
c. Decontamination of the skin must be prompt to be effective because of the initial high
beta dose rate.
d. A latent period of a few days to three to four weeks may elapse before signs and symptoms of skin damage are evident.
e. Clothing and/or any type of shelter gives almost complete protection to the skin.