there. Most of the remaining military were Air Kwajalein, 360 nmi (667 km) southeast of Enewetak. Force personnel who were based at TEST PLANNING The safety of the task force personnel conducting the test series was an important factor in planning the conduct of the tests. Pretest measures taken to ensure the safety of personnel were: 1. Modification "washdown" of ships systems and aboard accumulation and the pressurization systems entering aircraft. aircraft, ships to including prevent the installation radioactive of fallout installation of filters on aircraft to prevent radioactive particles’ from 2. Design of special protective clothing, including a leadcloth shroud for aircraft pilots operating near the radioactive cloud. 3. A training program in radiation safety procedures. 4. The establishment of a technical support unit whose responsibility was to provide the task force with expert assistance in radiation safety, including monitoring of radiation, decontamination of personnel, laboratory support, maintenance of exposure records, and maintenance and calibration of radiation detection equipment. 5. The establishment of a meteorology group whose responsibility was to 6. The establishment of a program for the evacuation of all? personnel from Enewetak Atoll for the MIKE test and the preparation of plans for emergency evacuation of task force personnel from Bikini and predict the direction of the winds aloft to avoid conducting the tests during times when radioactive fallout might be carried in the direction of the task force or inhabited islands. Kwajalein. Marshall Islanders living at Ujelang were placed aboard a Navy ship just before the MIKE detonation in readiness for movement to safety if the fallout moved to the southwest. 7. The establishment of procedures for issuing film badges to individuals whose activities might expose them to nuclear radiation so that exposure records could be kept. About 2,100 of the task force personnel received these badges. TEST OPERATIONS AND EXPOSURES The conduct of the tests went essentially as planned. The experimental MIKE device performed successfully and the winds remained favorable, carrying the radioactive fallout northwesterly over the open ocean. The generally smooth MIKE operations were marred by an accident when a single-place aircraft used for cloud sampling was lost at sea with its pilot. aircrew This led to radiation exposures from 10 roentgens that flew to assist the downed plane, (R) to 17.8 R for the 7-man considerably permissible exposure (MPE) (3.9 R) of the operation. greater than the maximum This crew crossed a zone of fallout in order to reach the area of the downed plane as quickly as possible. A crew of twelve in a second aircraft was also overexposed when caught in fallout debris while on a photographic mission during the MIKE shot. The highest exposure this crew was 11.6 R. Other than these two events, no other cases exceeded established MPE during IVY. for the Fallout occurred on JTF 132 ships and on Parry and Enewetak islands following MIKE and KING. A recent calculation based on data collected anchored near the islands, indicates that cumulative aboard three ships, which personnel exposures due to were this