CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS PAGE iii v Vii ix xvii monn OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS xxiii CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. SELECTION AND EVACUATION OF ENEWETAK ATOLL FOR NUCLEAR TESTING 3 1.3 ISLANDS IN THE ATOLL 5 1.4 THE TESTING PERIOD 10 Nuclear Tests “’ 10 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 15 POST-TESTING PROGRAMS 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.6 13 Testing Effects on the Islands High Energy Upper Stage (HEUS) Rocket Tests Pacific Cratering Experiments (PACE) Mid-Pacific Research Laboratory (MPRL) PHOTOGRAPHS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST 16 16 19 20 CHAPTER TWO: DOE ROLE 2.1 PRE-CLEANUP EVENTS TO 15 JUNE 1977 33 2.1.1 2.1.2) 2.1.3 Introduction Early Surveys and Reports Engineering Study, 1972 33 36 36 AEC Task Group Report Meeting of September 1974 Master Plans The DES and ES Work Toward Project Approval 39 44 45 4G 47 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.1.8 2.1.9 AEC Surveys, 1971-1973 2.1.10 Operations Plan (OPLAN 600-77) 2.1.11 The In-Situ System 2.2 37 50 51 RESOLUTION OFISSUES 51 2.2.1 2.2.2 Ocean Dumping Versus Crater Entombment Funding Responsibility 53 54 2.2.4 Cleanup Criteria 58 2.2.3 2.2.5 Plutonium Versus Total Transuranics Priority of Island Cleanup 57 65 xi