14 Table 3 Mortality Exposed Year 1956 1957. 1958 1959 1962 1962 1962. 1962 1963 1963 Subject No. 25 38 31 62 30 46 26 56 52 57 Age &sex 44M 76M 35M 60F 60F 84M 21M_ 75F 55F 107F Unexposed Probable cause Year Hypertensive heart disease Coronary heart disease, diabetes Acute varicella Ovarian cancer Cancerof cervix* Arteriosclerotic heart disease Brain damagefollowingfall from tree Fractured vertebrae Poliomyelitis, bulbar “Old age”(?) 1958 1959 1960 1960 1960 1962 1962 1963 Subject Age No. 857 854 933 927 861 953 848 886 & sex 65M 55F 56M 65M 68F 48M 41F 54M Probable cause Cerebral thrombosis(?) Infection urinary tract, diabetes Pneumonia secondary to influenza Pneumonia secondary to influenza Diabetes, cancer cervix(?) Status asthmaticus Neurosyphilis(?) Asthma(?) *Not confirmed by autopsy or biopsy. The birth rate for the past year was calculated as in the previous surveys from the number of births per womanof childbearing age (15 to 45 years). There were 23 such womenin the exposed group and 39 in the unexposed group. (Not included in either group were 4 unexposed women whose spouses were exposed males.) For the 2-year period in the exposed group 8 babies were born, giving an average of 0.17 births per womanper | year; in the unexposed group 10 babies were born, giving a slightly lower birth rate per woman(0.13 per year). The births were all full-term normal deliveries, except one case as noted below. A review of the entire menstrual and obstetrical history of the women (examined in 1964) in the exposed and control groupsis given in Table 4. In 20 exposed womenthere had been total of 136 pregnancies, 19 women delivering 115 living children for an average of 4.8 babies per woman for the 24 womenin the group. The samefecundity was noted in the control women, 32 of the 39 women having been pregnant 203 times and delivering 189 living babies, averaging 4.6 children per mother. The histories of the age of onset of menstruation and developmentof menarche were. not too reliable, but the ages of onset for these events appear to be about the same in the exposed and the control women. Table 5 lists the births and fetal deaths by year since 1954 of Rongelap people. Since it was uncertain whether thelist of births on Utirik Atoll 5d0b719 1 obtained during the 1963 survey was complete, it was notpossible to calculate an accurate birth rate for that group. However,the birth rate seemedto be about the same as noted in other Marshall Island populations. Congenital Anomalies A full-term stillbirth with congenital anomalies (ectromelus) was born to exposed parents in 1962. This anomaly is not very uncommon, andin view of the statistical evaluation the question of radiation implication mustbe left open. One 24-yearold exposed woman(No. 49) was operated on for ectopic pregnancy in 1962. A case of congenital heart defect had been notedin a child born ofexposed parents several years ago. This child died at 4 monthsof age. Specific genetic studies have not been conducted onthis relatively small population, and only routine examination of new births has been done. No unusual incidence of defects has been noted in the newborn. Someofthe defects noted in both exposed and unexposed children include patent ductus arteriosus, congenital deformity of the hip, and congenital hypoplasia of the middle phalanxof the 5th finger. Miscarriages andStillbirths Except for the one ectopic pregnancy, no miscarriages were reported during the past 2-year period, One neonatal death (at 1 month of age) due to infant diarrhea occurred in a twin born to