114
Health Physics
160° E
August 2010, Volume 99, Number 2
164° E
168° E
172° E
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Cesium-137 Deposition Density
Majuro and southern-
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latitude atolls
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172° E
Fig. 2. Geographical variation of total (cumulative) '*’Cs deposited (kBq m~”) from all Marshall Islands nucleartests
(see Table 5) illustrating four areas with similar deposition. Taongi Atoll, located beyond the boundaries of the mapat
14° 32’ north latitude, is not shown and notincludedin the range of depositions shownin the key for the northern atolls.
Shaded areas also describe groups of atolls with similar values of organ dose (Table 5) and cancer risk (Table 11).
by integration of the exposure rate from theinitial time of
fallout arrival rather than from the time when the
exposure rate wasat its peak.
The doses from external irradiation were estimated
in three basic steps (Bouville et al. 2010):
1. estimation of the outdoor exposure rates at 12 h after
each test and of the variation in the exposure rates
with time at each atoll after each test;
2. estimation of the annual exposure from 1948 through
1970 and of the total exposure from TOAto infinity,
obtained by integrating the estimated exposure rates
residence on the atoll (with corrections for temporarily resettled populations).
The outdoor exposure rates at each atoll were
assessed in one of two ways depending on whether
reliable measurements of exposure rates were available
for a particular nuclear test and atoll combination. If
measurement data were available, they were assessed and
a best estimate of the average exposure rate at 12 h post
detonation (termed £12) on the atoll or reef island was
made. If no reliable exposure rate data were available
over time; and
to estimate E12 directly, then the assessment of E12
conversion factors from free-in-air (outdoor) exposure
each atoll and each test. The method relating the
3. estimation of the annual and cumulative absorbed
doses to tissues and organs of the body by applying
was derived from the estimates of '*’Cs deposition
to tissue absorbed dose and by assuming continuous
estimates of '*’Cs deposition densities and TOA to £12
densities and TOA provided in Becket al. (2010) for