Procedures and equipment have now been developed to predict the magnitude and direction of these refracted blast waves. The Data Although the blast wave decreased in energy with each succeeding refraction back to the earth's surface, there has been breakage of windows on a second "strike" at 285 miles from only a 17 thousand ton (17 kiloton) nuclear explosion?! - ,All together about $50,000 has been paid for structural damage claims from all tests at the Nevada Test Site. There have been no significant structural damages from refracted blast waves since good predictive methods have been developed. known There has been no/case of direct injury to man or animals from the refracted blast waves. EvaluationThe predictive procedures developed resulted in greatly minimizing off-site damage from blast effects. In fact, there have been only incidents of single window damage since 1953. Two occurred in 1955 and a third in 1957. 28. , $3