56
EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Table 4.10.—Characteristics of Available Data on the Hematological Effects of Penetrating Radia
CHARACTERISTICS
TAPANESE BOMBINGS
|
Numbers in groups.._}
Adequacy of Controls
Serial counts_.._....
Counting
techniques*
|
Chance of bias due |
to sampling tech- |
large
good
no
fair
yes
fair
yes
good
yes
good
yes
good
large
large
large
| small
small
no
yes
yes
yes
none
none
minimal
none
yes
no
trauma | yes
|
tion necessary
|
Species
extrapola- | no
Type of radiation.... gamma,
|
:
some
neutrons
no
' yes
no
no
hard
X-rays,
gamma
no
gamma,
neu-
trons, X-
rays, betas
Dosage estimation... poor
good
poor
Body region. .._...- Total body
Usually partial body
Sublethal
Total and
partial body
Sublethal and
Single exposure. _-_.. | yes
Dose rate....-....- | Instantaneous
Dosage range. -_..._ | Sublethal and
|
lethal
Geometry_..-_.--.- ' Narrow beam
Depth dose curve
' Moderate fall
/
!
; large
very good
small
poor
,
(burns, etc.)
LaRoR ANIM,
small
poor
niques
Additional
LABORATORY AccI- | ExrosepMansHat-
large
fair
“Normal” individ- | yes
uals
|
Internal
contami- | none
nation
CumicalRapio-
off
usually no
~5r/min.
Narrow beam
Variable
yes
Instantaneous
lethal
| Narrow beam
Rapid fall off
gamma,
yes
beta
hard X-ra:
to skin
gamma
fair
good
yes
Varying ~5r/
hr.
Total body;
beta to skin
Sublethai
yes
~10r/min.
Total body
Sublethal a
lethal
Narrow bea
360° field
Essentially
flat
|
|
Variabie;
rapid fall
off to flat
*Same technicians for all counts; rigidly standardized techniques throughout, etc.
4.42
Comparison Wich the Japanese Hiroshima
and Nagasaki Data
Thelimitations stated in Table 4.10 apply to
the Japanese low dose groups* E to H in particular, in which values given (Oughtersenet al.
(12) and Le Roy (13)) are pooled and include
individuals located at the time of the bombing
*The Jupunese cusnalties were divided into groups
A to H on the basix of degree of exposure us determined roughly by distance from the hypo-center and
approximate degree of shielding. In groups E to H
essentially ono mortality aseribable
radiation
exposure occurred in the tirst 3 or 4 months.
such that they may not have received si
cant exposure.
Hence, while the patter
change with respect to timeis of value, abs
counts probably are high. The time cour
hematological change in the people of Gre
correspond most closely with these low exp
Japanese groups in which definite sigr
severe radiation exposure were present in
individuals but in which essentially no
tality occurred (initial hematological st
on the Japanese terminatedat 15 weeks).
eutly period up to approximately 6 weeks
characterized by considerable variation in
white count in both the Group [and Jap