during Plumbbob will provide equally valuable information on the problems associated with biomedical effects of static pressures and dynamic pressures sufficiently strong to translate bodies the size and weight of a man from a state of rest tc a state of motion. t Countermeasures and Training ‘ One of the important new programs that will be initiated during Plumbbob is work by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory on countermeasures against fallout radiation. The proof-testing of radiological shelters and typical buildings is expected to produce data useful in practical applications and guidance for. planning a long-range program on methods of survival and continuing occupation of areas that have been subjected to heavy radioactive fallout, This program is designed to provide confirmation and applicability of laboratory theories and methods of decontamination to the large-scale recovery of areas contaminated by radioactivity, and in addition to develop data on scaling from low yield to megaton detonations. Animals Used in Experiments In addition to pigs whose use in some experiments already has been described, other species of animals are being used during the series so effects of detonations on man can be determined. Animals such as mice, guinea pigs, monkeys, dogs and rabbits are used in such experiments. Use of "Phantoms" in Biological Studies During some tests of the series, including the Franklin shot fired June 2, depth dose studies with relation to gamma radiation are conducted using "phantoms" such as liquid or solid materials which approximate the densities of human tissues, Ordinary wallboard is one of the materials used. 14. FCDA PARTICIPATION The nuclear tests held at the Nevada Test Site provide the Federal Civil Defense Administration with an opportunity to obtain vital technical and engineering information under conditions provided only by nuclear detonations. Lack of sufficient land mass and the fact that climatic and geographic.conditions are dissimilar to those in the United States make Pacific tests unsuitable for testing shelters and for radiological research and training. Therefore, while FCDA participates in Pacific tests, the bulk of its programs are scheduled in Nevada. Civil defense participation in Operation Plumbbob falls into three categories: (1) Conduct of research programs to develop technical information needed in civil defense. This includes the testing of og - 67 - 2U|