ry face discussions, a person will end up having less esteem for a stranger if the stranger had shown signs of liking the person from the start than if he had shown signs of disliking him at first and then signs of liking him. Subsequent experiments indicated that under the latter conditions the stranger was more effective in persuading the subject to change his beliefs or judgments. Some studies to be re- ported attempt to determine the extent to which the anomalous phenomena can be explained by drive reduction, increased self-esteem and other mediating processes. Individual differences in responsiveness to persuasive communications will be examined in the third talk from the standpoint of three psychological processes: (i) atten- tion to the communication, (ii) comprehension of the message, and (iii) yielding tendencies that make for ac- ceptance of the message. The final talk will attempt to call attention to new approaches in experimental social psychology that may help to solve some basic problemsin the field of attitude change. In this context, the implications of the three preceding talks will be highlighted and several other new lines of research cited. Irving L. Janis, Barry Collins, Elliot Aronson, and William McGuire. Quantitative Approaches to Classification in the Social Sciences (30 Dec.) Arranged by Bert F. Green, Jr. (Carnegie-Mellon Uni- versity, Pittsburgh). The problem of discerning meaningful classes within populations is common to all the behavioral and social sciences. Standard quantitative methods of classification will be examined critically, and new computer-based techniques will be examined and discussed. Bert F. Green, Jr., James M. Beshers, Neil W. Henry, Stephen C. Johnson, A. Kimball Romney, and Warren S. Torgerson, Psychoanalytic Studies in Child Development: Biological and Social Deprivation in Early Childhood (27 Dec.) Arranged by Albert J. Solnit (Child Study Center, Yale University). Through the study of deviations evoked by social and biological deprivation, psychoanalysts refine their theoretical propositions and formulate new hypotheses. The investigation of “accidents” of nature and of society are compelling because of the human needs involved and because certain early psychological functions may be most clearly illuminated under such conditions. In this panel, four in- vestigations reveal the range and continuum of such psychoanalytic studies in child development. Albert J. Solnit, Saily Provence, Justin D. Call, Selma Fraiberg, Charles A. Malone and Reginald S. Lourie. Speech Pathology: Some Principles Underlying Therapeutic Practices (30 Dec.) Arranged by Arthur S. House (Purdue University). Areas of study in which processes fundamental to human speech and language behavior are delineated. The 1358 processes—iinguistic theory, language acquisition, respiratory physiology—are critical components in descriptions of speech language behavior, and as such should support the activities of speech pathologists that are aimed at the amelioration of disorders of speech and language. The areas will be presented in some detail and they will be discussed with an emphasis on determining the degree to which therapeutic practices are dependent upon underlying prin- ciples. D. C. Spriestersbach, Paula Menyuk, Ronald S. Tikofsky, Harris Winitz, Edgar R. Garrett, James C. Hardy, and J. Douglas Noll. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) Science and Technology as Instruments of Policy (27 Dec.) Arranged by Sanford A. Lakoff (State University of New York, Stony Brook). Systems analysis is a tool to assist in making large scale decisions within a complex social setting. It has recently been embedded in a decision process called the Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS) for the nonmilitary agencies of the federal government and for some state and local governments. The principal antecedents of both systems analysis and PPBS are in the design and operation of our military forces. The need for systems analysis in military applications arose from the displacement of directly relevant experience by the revolutionary post-Worid War II developments in military technology, by the accompanying increase in the importance, complexity, and cost of military equipment, and especially by the need to extend the planning horizon farther into the future. Systems analysis was incorporated into an integrated planning, programming and budgeting process for the Defense Department under Secretary MacNamara in 1961. That process laid heavy emphasis on the explicit statement of alternatives and systematic comparisons among the costs and effectiveness of the alternatives as a basis for making choices among them. This basis has not replaced judgment in the process, but has strengthened and informed it. It has not replaced debate and bargaining in the process, but has focussed it and enabled it to converge on useful, rather than arbitrary, compromises. There are important differences, as well as some similarities, in the reasons for applying systems analysis and the PPBS to the non-military agencies. Our society is undergoing important changes in both its goals and technology. Their effect has been largely to increase the impor- tance and scale of collective decisions. This increase has created vitally important problems for government. First, our society still prefers individual choice wherever it leads to viable results. Second, unlike the competitive sectors of the private enterprise economy, government activities are not automatically subject to a selective process or discipline ensuring their efficiency. Third, public activities powerfully affect, for good or evil, the private sectors of our economy. It is the aim of PPBS to devise yardsticks to aid judgment about the goals and efficiency of government programs. SCIENCE, VOL. 158