C. A. Broaddus (MC), USN (United States Naval Hospital, Guam), and on Cases 4 through 6 by Dr. Bentley P. Golcock (Lahey Clinic). The pathological diagnoses were by Dr. G. H. Klinck (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology) in Cases | and 2, by Dr. H. A. Johnson (Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory) in Case 3, and by Dr. W. A. Meissner (New through 6. England Deaconess Hospital), in Gases 4 We are indebted tw Drs. S. Warren, J. B. Stanbury, B. P. Colcock, GC. L. Dunham, V. P. Bond, H. D. Bruner, L. K. Dahl. J. E. Jesseph. H. L. Atkins, E. D, Henley and A. Hicking for consultation and advice, to Drs. G. H. Klinck, S$. Lindsay, H. A. Johnson, W. A. Meissner, C. J. Stahl and L.. V. Ackerman for pathological interpretation, to mumerous other thyroid experts with whom we have been in correspondence and to the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Department of Interior) for assistance in’ carrying out the Marshallese surveys. REFERENCES l. Cronkite, E. PL, et al. Response of human beings accidentally exposed to. significant fall-out radiation. Jad. 159-430-434, - 9955. 3. Conard, R. A., and Hicking, A. Medical findings in Marshallese people exposed to fallout radiation: results Crom: ten-year study. JutMAt, 192:457-459, 1965, ut de 3. Sutow, WoW. Conard, R.A. and Grifith, RK. M, Growth status of children) exposed to fallout radiation on) Marshall [slanes. Pediairies 36:721-734, 1965. Harris, PL Unpublished data. . Cohn, 8. H., et al. Enternal deposition of radionuclides in liuamian beings and animals. In United States Atomic Energy Comiis- sion, Same Effects af lanizag Radiation oa Human Beings: A reper ou dhe Mardialtese and dinericans accidentally exposed to radiation fram fallout and a discussion of radiation injary in the lumen being, Edited by E. P. Cronkite, Vv. P. Bond and ©. L. Dunham, 106 pp. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1956. Chaprer 3. (AECTID 5358.) 6. James, R., and Gutman, J. CORE 12273, December, 196-4. 7. Mochizuki, ¥., Mowafy, R.. and Pasternack, B. Weights of human thyroids in’ New York City. Health Physics 9:1299- 1301, 1963. 8. Rall, |. E.. and Conard, R. A. Elevation of serum protein-bound iodine level in inhabitants of Marshall Islands. toa J. Med. (in press). GQ Axelrad, . and Leblond, G. P. Thyroid tumor induction in rats by low ‘odin diet with and without 2-acetylamimofluorene. (ree. Amd. Cancer Researel 19, 1953, thiouracil. Cancer 3:521-385, 1950. . Morris, H. P., and Green, C. D. Role of thiouracil in induction, growth and transplantability of mouse thyroid tumors. Science 114:44-46, 1951. . Wollman, S$. H. Production and properties of transplantable tumors of thyroid gland in Fischer rat. Recent Progr. ia Hormane Research es 579-618, 1963. . Doniach, [. Comparison of carcinogenic effect of X-irradiation with vadinactive iodine on rat's thyroid. Brit. J. Cancer 11:67-76, 1957, Kneeland, V., et al. Comparison, of carcinogenic effect of internal and external irradiation of thyroid gland of male Long-Evans rat. Endocrinology 61:574-581, 1957. . Lindsay, S., Sheline, G. £, Potter, G. D., and Chaikolf, 10. Induction of neoplasms in thyroid gland of rat by x-irradiation of gland. Cancer Research 21:9-16, 1961, . Goldbery, RB. C., and Chaikof) 1. L. Development: of thyroid neoplasms in rat following single injection of radioactive iodine. Proc, Soc. Exper, Biol, & Med, 76:563-566, 1051. 14. idem, Induction of thyroid cancer in rat by radioactive iodine. Arch. Path, 539:22-28, 1952. 20. Potter, G. D., Lindsay, S., and Chaikof, TL. Trduction of neoplasms in rat thyroid glands by low doses of radioiodine. arch. Path. 69:257-969, 1960. . Doniach, L, and Williams, FL oD. Development of thyroid) ined pituitary tumours in rat two years afler partial thyroidectomy. Bra. J, Cancer 16:999-951, 1962, . Goldberg, R. C., Lindsay, S.. Nichols, C. W., Jr.. and Chaikolf, 1. L. Induction of neoplasms in thyroid glands of rats by subtotal thyroidectomy and by injection of one microcurie of 1-131. Cancer Research 24:35-43, 1964. Bielschowsky, F. Neoplasia and internal environment. Bri. J. Cancer 9:80-116, 1955. 24, Shuster, R. CG. Dark repair of ultra-violet injury in EF. calf during deprivation of thymine. Nature (London) 202:61-4, 16-4. Duify, B. J. fr. and Fitzgerald, P. J. Thyroid cancer in. chilchood and adolescence: report of 28 cases. Cancer 3: 1018-1032, O50. 24. Simpson, C. 1... Hempelmann, b. H., and Fuller, L. Mo Neoplasia in children) treated with x-rays in’ infancy for thymic enlarge: ment. Rediolugy G4:840-845, 1955. Winship, T. W. Personal communication. . Warren, S., Alvizouri, M., and Colcock, B. PL Caveinomia ol thyreid in childhood and adolescence. Caucer 6:1130-07468, 1955, 20, Sheline, G. B., Lindsay, S.. McCormack, Ko Ro, and Galante, M. Vheroid nodules oceurring Lite after treatment: of Ui iotoxicosis with radioiodine. J, Clin, Eudacrinal. @ Metab. 22:8-18, 19GL. 30, Lindsay, S.. and Chaikoff, 11. Effects of irradiation an thyroid gland with) parhcular reference to induction of thvroid neoplasits: review, Caucer Research 24:1009-1107, 1964, 31. Doniach, bo Experimental mduction of tumors of thyroid by radiation. Brit, Ad Ball, T4c LH b- TRS, 1958. Yu Leblond, CG. P., and Walker, B. E. Renewal of cell populations. My. iol. Rev, 36:255-276, 1956, 3. Sovolow, EL 1., Hashizume, A., Neriishi, $.. amd) Niitani, R. ‘Thyroid carcinoma ino man after exposure to ionizing radiation: summary of findings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. New Bug. f. Med, 268: ee 1963, Astwood, B., and Cassidy, C. EB. ‘Treatment of simple coiters and three nodules with isciet hormone. In Chiaicat Eaudoers nology. Edited by E. B. Astwood. Vol. 1.724 pp. New York: Grune, 160. Pp. 152-159, Nichols, C. W., Jr, Lindsay, &., Sheline, G. EL. and Chaikoff, I L.. Induction of neoplasms in rat thyroid glands dy x-irradiation of single lobe. Arch. Path, 80177-1832, 1965, BO, Godwin, J. T. Personal communication, Copyright, 1966, by the Massachusetts Medical Society Printediin the U. S.A. 5012963 FUTt ETPTee A resurvey of the Rongelap people was completed in March, 1966, since this paper was written, The data are not analyzed, and only a preliminary statement can be made, There were 5 new cases of thyroid nodules, all in children. The increase was possibly related to inadequate thyroidhormone treatment in some cases. However, some beneficial effect of the treatment was noted, since a nodule disappeared in | case, and there appears to have been increased growth rate in some of the retarded children. [t is planned to bring some of these patients to the United States for further study and possibly surgery. The results of these latest studies will be the subject of a further communication. Surgery on Cases | through 3 was performed by Captain seed diet. Brit. J. Exper. Path, 2B:18-24, 1945. . Paschkis, K. E.. Cantarow, A., and Stasney, J. Influence ofthiouracil on carcinoma induced by 2-acetaminofluorene. Cancer Research 8:257-263, 1948. Money, W. L., and Rawson, R. W. Experimental production of thyroid tumors in rat exposed to prolonged treatment with 1g NOTE radiation must ‘be used clinically, particularly in children. . Griesbach, W: E., Kennedy, T. H., and Purves, H. D. Stadies on experimental goitre. VI. Thyroid adenomata in rats on Brassica a+ Marshallese emphasizes the caution with which ai The high tncidence of thyroid abnormality in the