324
SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS 1961
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10
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Figure 4—The variation in concentration of nitrogen in
leachates collected beneath the surface organic layer
(1%-inch depth) during a 10-day wet and dry weather
sequence. Lysimeter area 5, Cordia, Pisonia coral soil.
Data from all fertilized lysimeter areas were similar.
Therefore, only results from the “middle island” soil
(lysimeter area 4) are presented (table 2).
All or nearly all of the added fertilizer could be accounted for in the analysis of the leachate. It was found
that fertilization stimulated leaching of other ions. Potassium, acting essentially as a mass ion, increased the
removal of all elements considered in the analysis including the radionuclide Cs?8*. The nitrogen fertilization had
an even more pronounced leaching effect since it acted
as both a mass ion and a source of H+ ions. Leaching of
Ca increased 400% over the control, K 341% and Cs?3*,
500%.
Although the nitrogen was added as NH,+ ion, it was
rapidly converted to the NO,+ form. Data from lysimeter
area 4 demonstrate this conversion (table 3). Pronounced
fungal and algal growth in the leachate prevented delineation of the shift in nitrogen form in subsequentcollection.
Table 3—The conversion of nitrogen from NH,+ to NO,~
as determined from leachates collected beneath the surface organic layer (11-inch depth) during the first 10 days
after fertilization with 200 pounds per acre of nitrogen as
(NH,),50,. Lysimeter area 4, Middle Island coral soil.
August 23
August 24
September 2
Sor
May
June
leachates collected beneath the surface organic layer
(1-inch depth) from January to June. Lysimeter area 7,
glacial till soil (Everett gravelly sandy loam).
increase in soil temperature. increase in moisture utiliza-
tion by the plants, and a decrease in rainfall, Nitrogen
and phosphorus appear to be affected more by seasonal
weather changes than other ions examined.
LITERATURECITED
1. Allison, F. E., Roller, E. M., and Adams, J. E. Soil fertility studies in lysimeters containing Lakeland sand.
295. 1958.
382, 1946,
4. De LaHire, P. Sur Vorigine des riviéres. Hist. De [’Acad.
Ray. des Sci. 1:1-6. (Reviewed by H. Kohnke et al,
USDA Misc. Publ. No, 372. 1940.) 1703.
5. Dreibelbis, F. R. and McGuinness, J. L. Plant nutrient
losses in lysimeter percolates. Agron. J. 49:323-527. 1957.
8.
Nas NO,”
a
Ib, /acre
%
103.7
12,4
17.4
91
53
47
9.8
1.0
19.4
9
a
53
Dunning, G. M,, Ed. Radioactive contamination of certain areas in the Pacific Ocean. U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission. U. S. Govt, Printing Office, Washington. 1957.
Ebermayer, FE. Untersuchungs—Ergebnisse tiber die
Menge und Verteilung der Niederschlage in den Walder.
ForstlL Naturwis. Ztschr. 6:283-301. 1897.
Harrold, L. L. and Dreibelbis, F. R. Agricultura) hydrol-
ovy as evaluated by monolith lysimeters. USDA Tech.
Bull, 1050. 1951.
9.
Navy Department. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
Handbook on the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
10.
Rich, L. R. Hydrologic research using Iysimeters of undisturbed soil blocks. Symp. Hannoversch Miinden.
U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington. 1948.
Lysimetres, No, 49:139-145. 1959.
Il. Richards, L. A., Neal, O. R., and Russell, M. B. Observations on moisture conditions in lysimeters: HI. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. Proe. (1938) 4:55-59. 1939.
12, Shilova, E. IL (The qualitative composition of lysimetric
water from virgin and cultivated podzolic soils according
to investizations over 5 years.) Pochvovedenie. 1:86-97.
1959.
13. Tanner, C. B., Bourget, 8. J., and Holmes, W. E. Moisture
tension plates constructed from alundum filter discs. Soil
14.
Ib, /acre
USDA Tech. Bull. 1199. 1959.
Cole, D. W. Alundum tension lysimeter. Soil Sci, 85:293-
3. Colman, E. A. A laboratory study of lysimeter drainage
under controlled soil moisture tension. Soil Sci. 62:365-
Precipitation and Temperature
The sequence of precipitation and dry periods had a
pronounced effect on the chemical nature of the gravitational water. This is exemplified by the movement of
nitrogen through the surface soil at lysimeter area 5
(figure 4). The concentration of nitrogen in the leachate
markedly decreased from 90 mg. per liter to 28 mg. per
liter after 3 days of intense precipitation. The first
leachate collected after 7 days with no precipitation once
again showed a high nitrogen concentration. This change
in ion concentration caused by duration and intensity of
precipitation was not detectable at the 18-inch depth.
The nitrogen concentration in the glacial till leachate
of lysimeter area 7 was found to change with season of
Nas NH,*
Mar,
year (figure 5). This change probably resulted from an
Fertilization
Date
Feo.
Figure 5—The variation in concentration of nitrogen in
to
|
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==
NITROGEN
z
a
5 25
Oo
Sei. Soe. Am. Proc. 18:222-223.
1954.
U.S, Weather Bureau. Climatographyof the United States
No.
11-39.
Climatic
summary of the
United
States—
Supplement for 1931 through 1952. U. S. Govt. Printing
Office, Washington. (1953?).
15. Walliham, E. F. An improvement in lysimeter design. J.
Am. Soc. Agron, 32:395-404, 1940.