21 parents. It was interesting that the boys born soon after the fallout had more retarded skeletal ages than those born morerecently, and that the skele- tal ages ofall boys were slightly more retarded in 1962 than in 1961 (15 months as compared with 13 months). However, the differences were not Statistically significant, and the data available at this time would not support any conclusion con- cerning factors related to the retardation of skeletal maturity in these boys. CANCER DETECTION, LEUKEMIA SURVEY Examinations as thorough as possible under field conditions were carried out for the detection of malignancy. All tumors were recorded. Most of the tumors seen were of the benign type of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. One exposed woman (No. 64) had a tumorof the fourth left phalanx; this was surgically removed, and histological ex- aminations showed it to be a benign giant cell type. No malignant lesions were detected in either the exposed or unexposed groups. Pelvic examinations were carried out on the sexually mature females (except when pregnant). Cervical erosions, lacerations, and prolapse were noted with great frequency. Papanicolaou’s staining was carried out on vaginal and cervical smears in those women that had not had the procedure done during the past survey. None was positive for malignant cells. As noted last year, the secretions were scanty in most of the women, and the smears were consequently somewhat dry. Inilammatory reaction with the presence of blood in the smears was common. A number of cases of endocervical atypia and trichomonas infection were noted. The results of the individual examinations are reported in Appendix 5. Rectal examinations were carried out on all adults, and proctoscopic examinations were done when indicatcu. Several cases of prostatic enlargement were noted but no evidence of malignancy was apparent. In view of the increased incidence of leukemia reported in the Japanese and others exposed to radiation, careful cxaminations for this blood dyscrasia are carried out annually on the Marshallese. On physical examination, no evidence of lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, or other signs of Ieukemia were detected. Hematological examinations showed no excessive leukocytosis or increased numbers of immature leukocytes. Basophil counts on 4000 leukocytes on each individual showed no elevation except in one 9-yr-old exposed boy who has shown about a 3% basophil count over the past few years. However, in this case no other evidence of incipient leukemia has been apparent. Alkaline phosphatase studies on the blood smears show that although some people had low levels, this finding was not associated with any other findings suggestive of leukemia (see Appendix 4). RESIDUAL. BETA BURNS Table 9 lists those cases that showed residual skin changes in areas previously exhibiting beta burns. Variation in pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, atrophy, and scarring in varying degrees were noted in these cases. The devclopment of pigmented macular and papular (nevus-like) Icsions in areas of the skin that had sustained beta burns wasfirst observed several years ago. These lesions appear to be increasing slightly in number. Similar lesions are also occasionally seen in the unexposed group. Figure 16 shows the appearance of acute beta burns in an exposed woman several wecks after exposure and Figure 17 shows development of pigmented nevus-like lesions at 8 yrs post exposure in the skin area previously involved with beta burns. A nevus was removed in one case because of a complaint of irritation by clothing. The histological report on this Iesion was as follows: “Fragment of skin with abundant pigment in the epithelium. In a small area, there is a superficial infiltration of dermis composed of nevus type cells and pigmentarycells. No evidence of malignancy. Diagnosis: nevus pigmentosus.” None of the residual changes noted in the skin showed any tendency to chronic radiation dermatitis or ulceration and none showed any gross evi- dence of malignant change. During the next survey it is planned to carry out an extensive biopsy program with histological study of skin lesions. STUDIES OF AGING CRITERIA, DENTAL SURVEY Studies of aging criteria and a dental survey were not carried out during this annual examination.