germ plasm. For stated exposure conditions, the BEIR risk-estimate of somatic effect predominate, relative to other effects of radiation. They are therefore of primary concern in establishing protective criteria. Also, the BEIR, 1972 report states that the rate of cancer induction is the only somatic risk that needs to be considered. Consequently, in estimating the risk to the Enewetak Atoll people from exposure to radiation, only cancer induction has been considered, . . t Induced cancer can be fatal or nonfatal. The risk guidelines listed in Table 5-1 are estimated to apply equally to either fatal or nonfatal effects:(BEIR, 1972) so that the total number of effects resulting from a given dose would be twice the number of either. To calculate the number of either effect, using the data of Table 5-1, find the product of (1) the cancer incidence rate (Column 2), (2) the exposed population expressed as millions, and (3) the average dose for an individual for each critical organ. These products are then summed to obtain the total number of cases. $ The effects of the induced cancers, or even the cancers themselves, may appear immediately or several decades after exposure (BEIR, 1972, p- 91). Since effects are not expected to show up in the earlier years with the same frequency as in later years, and since the appropriate frequency distribution is not known, the number of effects expected to occur during the entire risk period are calculated instead of the number of effects expected to occur in any one year. The guideline values given in Table 5-1 are maximal] and the number of incidents of induced cancer or fatalities may be as lowas zero. 5.3.2.2 Annual Dose Limits. The primary sources of recommendations for radiation protection standards and guidance are the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the National Council on Radiation Projection and Measurements (NCRP), and the Federal Radiation Council (FRC). The standard-setting responsibilities of the FRC were transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1969. The recommendations of these groups are all compatible with each other. These groups have recommended maximum permissible doses for workers exposed to radiation, for individual members of the public, and for a suitable sample of an exposed population. In addition, they have recommended dose rate limits for exposure of various critical organs. These recommended dose rate limits are presented with the understanding that radiation exposures should always be kept as low as can readily be fe peRermepenannersner es achieved. " a4 ze rttgd if“Y sq 5-5