and experimental physicists and engineers worked as teams to solve problems of time-dependent neutronics and shock hydrodynamics. These problems were studied experimentally by using diag- nostic facilties and computer equipment at the Laboratory, including high-energy x-rays (from the linac), fast-pulsing low energy x-rays, high speed optics, electrical pin techniques, and radio-frequency detection systems. In conjunction with the the effort on devices, physicists studied the general electrodynamic activity of explosions, new neutron sources and transuranic elements, atomic properties, shock dynamics, material states, and electromagnetic systems. Experimenters checked the performance of non-nuclear devices at Livermore’s at Site 300, followed by a nuclear test at NTS. B Division Physics was responsible for the LRL tests fired at NTS. NTS. The division also operated the Super Kukla burst reactor at In the late 1960s, atomic, nuclear, and solid-state physi- cists were also involved in the Advanced Space Nuclear Program with its objective of developing high-temperature reactions to generate substantial electrical power in space. The program emphasized reactor neutronics design, radiation effects, and advanced methods of power conversion. In effect, the weapons design amd other nuclear power programs stimulated research in physics and, in turn, physics stimulated developments in nuclear device designs. ENGINEERING Various project teams provided civil and mechanical ing support to testing, field placements, designing environmental control withstand seismic and shock waves from explosions, preparing diagnostic devices, engineer- including selecting and preparing sites, instruments structures to designing and to analyze the performance of and perfecting firing systems, as well as piping and hardware to prevent radioactive materials of underground shots from reaching the surface. Mechanical Engineering- Livermore Mechanical Engineering supported the Weapons Division, Pluto programs and nuclear testing. Engineering worked on infrared detector systems capable of observing and recording shock waves. Reaction History Group developed telemetric methods for data collection near the signal source and rapid conversion into digital code for transmission to recording stations. Such units were tested in Operation Tattoo at NTS. High-speed time methods were also tested. The Reaction History Group also assembled systems to make neutron measurements in the Gnome-Plowshare Program. For the Plowshare Program, a team of LRL Mechanical Engineers developed methods for sealing off underground nuclear test holes to contain radioactive materials. The engineers designed and

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