SESSION IIIB DISCUSSION 689 ing up to 50,000 ft, are as effective in incorporating stratospheric air as they would be, for instance, in washing away some tropospheric contaminated inversions when penetrating them. It seems to me that the entrainment rate at these lower levels actually is larger, Am I correct in assuming that from the cloud tops diffusion of tropospheric air and evaporation of moisture are directed into the stratosphere? Do we have any indication of the properties of the convective systems? How effectively are they entraining the contaminated air? HALL: We don’t have enough cases yet to really determine the stratospheric penetration. We are not able to make any statement on it yet. REITER: Well, it seems to me that maybe we could talk the AEC into making some measurements of this kind since it would be quite interesting from various points of view. TORREY: Mr. Pelletier, during your work around the Fermi reactor, you found that all the gross beta activity couldn’t be recovered from the rain because of activity sticking in the polyethylene containers. Were you able to solve this problem ? “PELLETIER: I think so, We use tracer mz‘erial in the rain jug before we put it out for exposure and use several acid rinses to clean the jug after it has been exposed. We have scraped out the inside of one of these jugs after an exposure but found insignificant radioactivity in the scrapings. ZIEMER: In reporting gross beta activity, what is your standard of reference, and do other laboratories use the same reference standard ? PELLETIER: We use 2“T1, I don’t know what standards other laboratories use, ZIEMER: Do you think this would account for some of the differences in the values you reported? PELLETIER: Well, remember we are plotting a ratio. Since both air and rain are presumably calibrated on the samebasis, the counting efficiency, regardless of the standard used, will cancel out. I don’t think the use of different standards could account for the differences in values. Mr. Huff, have you measured total deposition over a time and then compared it with that from the convective storms only ? HUFF: No. Our work has been entirely concerned with convective type rainfall, We have done very little with the stable, winter type precipitation.

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