Other shots have been primarily for military weapons effects, bet almost all have been used to answer both diagnostic (for weapons development) and effects questions (for military or civilian agencies). For example, one recent series had 24 formal technical programs, of which seven were diagnostic, nine were for military effects, and eight were for civil effects. Experiments to measure the ‘effects of atomic weapons, from the military viewpoint, are conducted under the technical direction of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, through its Field Command Weapons Effects Tests Division, Sandia Base, Albuquerque. The experiments are conducted by laboratories and organizations of the Armed Forces, by their contractors, and by cooperating laboratories of other government agencies, These experiments have included tests of blast effect on structures, on military aircraft and other vehicles, on material and military-type installation, on various types of surfaces such as lakes or forests, and have included biomedical studies using large and small animals. The civil effects program includes experiments and studies to determine the structural and. biological effects. These are conducted under the direction of the anu's Division of Biology and Medicine. Participating are AEC National Laboratories, the Federal Civil Defense Administration, educational institutions, private medical or research institutions, and private industrial organizations. Essentially as part of the civil effects program, there have been continuing scientific projects for study of radiation effects through off-site fallout. These projects have included efforts to document intensity patterns, particle size, and radiostrontium deposition. Field studies have been made on the way fallout particles are taken up by plant life, then by rodents and other plant-~ eating animals, and finally by larger meat-eating animals which prey on rodents. Laboratory rodents and larger animals have been used in biomedical effects programs. The rats and mice used have been of specially bred laboratory strains with known characteristics. The information gained has influenced the safety of all individuals exposed to radiation, provided additional safety to workers in the atomic energy program, helped safeguard and prepare military per“sonnel against possible enemy attacks, and helped citizens throughout the Nation prepare for self-protection in case of enemy attack. Other uses include military observation, troop maneuvers, and flyover training; and Congressional, civil defense, and news correspondent observation. Three Nevada shots have been opened to Civil Defense observers, public officials, and news representatives: April 22, 1952; March 17, 1953; and May 5, 1955. These and other shots have involved major FCDA experiments and training for FCDA personnel. - 7 - Qo wy ~