External radiation Reliable assessments of actual doses must be determined through personnel monitoring, dosimeters do not appear to be a practical means of personnel monitoring for individual excernal dose measurements, although certain individuals within given populations may be relied upon to wear them. A "Lifestyle model" which includes estimates of occupancy factors for various locations in a given atoll has ° ‘soled with eavirormencal sonitecing dica "oO estimate averige excernal This model wiil ve revised as me@ced so Chat it clieses) indiv..sa.3. of the people. radiation doses -: approximates che actual Liresty.e rh. core important intersal pathwav can be monitered ifrecety ov conventional techniques of bioassay ana HUSS Lt LOLS. Le be SERLaee er OW ondeas ole Leer Ce ales 6 Le|@A tet. ietee and mounted in a shipboard trailer for use in the Marshall Islanas. Lt is capable of quantitative detect:cn cf very small quancit ies of certain radionuciides in the oogy sucn as 37¢3 and 209, the primary environmental gamma emitters at Bikini, Enewetax and Rongelup Atolls. The system clearly idencifies individuals in the Rongelap population who are noc on eating coconut crabs from certain locations. (42,43) Following the recommended dietiry restrictions Body burdens of 905r/99y, 239,250py and 24lam ar? s:'.aaced by the radiochemical analvsis of urine samples, Urine sample collections and vhole bedv gout. «Lil ce petivcied eves’ cue C2 TVG years uc Zikinn anu Inew-tax Arolis when “se peupia o2...4, and every two to chree years at Rongelap Atoll until the results warrant less trequent measurement intervals, Summa Marshall Islands Radiological Followup has consisred of intensive environmental studies at Bikini, Enewetak, and Rongelap Atolls to gather radiological daca on che external radiation environment and on radioactivity in food chains. Radfacion and radioactivity levels in these atolls are being reduced with time. These changes are monitored in annual or biannual environmental surveys. Updated information is used to make conservative estimates of population doses and dose commitments. When people have returned, actual internal doses to individuals are determined for whole body counting and bioassay data. These results are combined with environmental data on che external radiacion environment to complete the coral dose assessment picture, Re ferences “1, Dunning, G. M., "Radioactive Contamination of Certain Areas in the Pacific Ocean from Nuclear Teer \ Tummary of the Daca from the Radiological Survevs and Medical Examinations", USAEC Report, August, 1957. ~@. Held, E. E., "Gamma Dose Rates at Rongelap Atoll, 1954-1963", USAEC Report, UWFL-91, May 1965. w 3. Donaldson, L. R., et al. "“Bikini-Eniwetok Scudies, 1964, Part I and IL", University of Washingcon, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, UWFL=93, Sepcemoer 15, 1966. +. Beck, H. L., Bennett, B. G. and McCraw, T. F., "External Radiation Levels on Bikini Atoll} May 1967, USAEC Report, HASL=190, December 1967. 75» Bennett, 8. G, and Beck, H. L., "External Radiation on Bikini Acoll", Nature 223: 925-928 , 1969. 6. Held, £. E., "Radiological Resurvey of Animals, Soils and Ground Water at Bikini Atoll, 1969-1970", University of Washington, College of Fisheries, NV0-+269+8 (Rev. 1), February 1971, vt, Smith, A. E. and Moore, W. E.,'Report of Radiological Clean up of Bikini Atoll, Office of Dose Assessment and Systems Analysis", Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmencal Protection Agency, SWRHL-lllr, January 1972. ‘ 78. McCraw, T. F. and Lynch, 0, D. T. Jr., "Exposure Rate Reduction on Bikini Island Due to Concrete ae MeCraw, T. F., “Levels of Environmental Radfioaccivity in Bikini Atoll", USAEC Reporc, WASH-1289, Dwellings, USAEC Report, WASH-1273, June 1973. / lO. sinewecak Radiological Survey, Volumes I, II and LIL, USAEC Nevada Operations Office, Report NVO-i40, October 1973, whi. Lynch, 0. D. T. Jew, McCraw, T. F., Nelson, V. A., and Moore, W, E., "Radiological Resurvey of Food, Soil, Air and Ground Water at Bikini Atoll, 1972", USERDA Report, ERDA=34, February 1975. 7712, Gudiksen, P. H., and Robison, W. L., "Preliminary External Dose Esrimaces for Fucure Bikini Atoll Inhabitants, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report, Preliminary UCRL-31879, August 1975. 13, Palumbo, R. F. and Lowman, F. G., "The Occurrence of Antimony-=125, Curopizm-155, Iron-55 and Other Radionuclides in Rongelap Atoll Soil", USAEC Report UWFL-56, April 7, 1958, , 14. Lowman, F. G., "Marine Blological Investigations at the Eniwetok Test Site", from Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1960. y 15. Walker, 8. 8., Held, E. E. and Gessel, S. P., “Radiocesium in Plants Grown on Rongelap Atoll Soils, Rec. Advan, Bot. 2: 1363-1367, 1961. - 16. Cole, D. W., Gessel, S. P, and Held, E. E., "Tension Lysimerer Studies of Ion and Moisture Movement in Glacial Till and Coral Atoll Soils) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 321-325, L962. 17, Lowman, F. G. and Palumbo, R. F., “Occurrence of Bismuch=207 at Eniwetok Atoll", Nature 193: 796-797, 1962. 18, Chakravarcti, D. and Held, E. E., "Chemical and Radiochemical Composicion of the Rongelapese Diet", J. Food Sci, 29: 221-228, 1963. . 19, Kenady, 8. M., “The Soils of Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands", University of Washington Press, Corvallis, 1962, 20, Held, E. EL, “Qualitative Distribution of Radfcnuclides ae Rongelap Atoll", Amer. Inset. Biol. Sci., Reinhold Publ. Co., New York, 1963, pp. 167169.