RADIATION LINZURY! PTS PATHOGENESIS AND EERREOVBY 207 9.2.1.1 Injuries from penetrating radiation, 1. Total body exposure: The acute dlness produced by total body radiatiun may occur in miu from exposure to gamma and or neutron tadiations from a detonating atomic bumbh. gatnma exposure fron: close-in fallout from atomic bombs, from accident~ with radioactive materials as miuclesr power sources, or in radiotherapy either for malignancy or as 4 means of depressing antibody response preparatory to tissue transplantation. Exposure of animals to such whole body radiation under experimental conditions results in this type of illness. 2. Partial body exposure: Acute illness may result from partial body exposure to penetrating radiations as is commonly seen in therapeutic radiation as for cancer. 9.2.1.2 Injuries from poorly penetrating radtations. Acute injury of the skin or other body integuments may result from beta ray exposures of the skin as is seen with fallout radiatiou or from accidents involving handling of radioactive materials. This type of injury is discussed in the chapter on skin, 9.2.1.3 Injuries from absorption of radtvactive materials. Absorption of radioactive materials may occur from inhalation, ingestion or entrance into the body from open woundsof fallout from atomic bombs or of radioactive materials in laboratory accidents. Such a hazard is much more likely to result in chronic long-termeffects than in early effects. This type of hazard is discussed in the chapter on internal effects. 9.2.2 Chronic Radiation Injury 9.2.2.1 Injuries from penctrating radiation. Total body or partial body exposure mayresult in late effects, some of which are listed below. oo st oo moe 1. Blood dyscrasias such as anemia, purpura, leukemia. 2. Increase in degenerative diseases, Shortening of life-span; perhaps accelerated aging. . Increase in incidence of cancer. Retardation of growth and development in children. Increased incidence of cataracts. : Impaired fertility. . Genetic effects, All such late effects are not discussed in detail in this book but are covered elsewhere (National Academyof Sciences report on Pathological and Genetic Effects of Radiation; Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation). However, basic considerations are presented in Chapter 15, genetics in Chapter 14, and results of damage7n utero in Chapter 13. 9.2.2.2 fnjurtes from poorly penetrating radiation, Beta radiation injury mayresult in continuing effects on the skin in the form of chronic radiation