Exposure conditions studied included direct film-source contact as well
as the use of Mylar energy degraders ranging in thickness from 6.35 um
(.00025") to 25.6 um,
Studies of etching technique included variation
of the time and temperature of etch, agitation of the NaOH bath, and
methods of rinsing the etched film.
Procedures were deliberately kept
as simple as possible, and the etch bath for most of the work consisted
of a beaker of NaOH solution inside a stirred water jacket on a hot
plate, with temperature monitored every 15-20 minutes.
Etch temperatures
reported are a linear average over a smoothly interpolated plot of
temperature versus time for each etch.
For measuring and mapping track density, a variety of methods were
tried.
Microscopic observation using transmitted light, both with and
without a green filter, was used at magnifications ranging from 70x to
400x.
For area determinations, both the field of the microscope and
transparent gridded mounting slides were employed.
Films were also
scanned on a Quantimet image analysis system, consisting of an automated
stage microscope, a video system, and an image analyzing computer.
This
instrument automatically measures hole sizes and locations as well as
counting total tracks.

RESULTS

1.

General exposure techniques:
The film may be cut to desired shapes
or sizes and mounted on slides or other holders.
Drafting tape is
useful for noncritical mounting, as it comes away clearly and does

not leave a residue which might poison the etch bath.

Code numbers

and area boundaries (e.g., sample, standard, blank) may be scribed
directly into the emulsion with a scalpel point.
Parafilim is
convenient for shielding portions of the film while other areas are
exposed.
2.

Etching techniques:
It was found, in agreement with Costa-Ribeiro
and Labao (1975), that if the NaOH bath was not stirred (in accordance with Kodak recommendations), an excessively rapid and uneven
etch resulted.
After an initial trial series, the etch bath was
mechanically stirred for all samples.
It was also found that the
bulk-etched surface material did not uniformly rinse off the film
when it was dipped in or sprayed with distilled water at the end of
the etching process.
In order to eliminate the mottled appearance

caused by incomplete clearing of the etched surface, film pieces

were placed in an ultrasonic cleaner for approximately three minutes.
This resulted in a very uniform rinse.
3.

Film reading:
The Kodak-recommended procedure of enlarging the
etched film 7x and counting the black points (hole images) with a
magnifying glass is useful in producing a large, visible map for

595

Select target paragraph3