19 August 1973 CHAPTER 18 Personnel casualties and expected incapacitation resulting from ex- posure to nuclear weapon effects parameters at a number of levels besides those specified in the CDC criteria are also discussed in Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons @. referred to as EM-1 in the remainder of this section. Both of the aforementioned documents discuss effects of air or land-surface burets on troops, but do not consider the specific environmental conditions of shipboard personnel exposed to the thermal and radiological effects of a water-surface or underwater burst. For instance, the CDC risk criteria are based on low incidence of sickness among many so0ldiers, and are assumed to result in the non-neutralization of friendly troops. On board ship, however, only a few individuals may be trained in the performance of specific tasks, and even temporary ineffectiveness may significantly hamper operations. The CDC radiation criteria are based on responses of monkeys, under controlled conditions, since most available information on effects on humans are derived from hospital patients. not comparable, physically, with ships' These subjects in many cases are personnel or combat troops. How- ever, certain effects noted in human patients should not be ignored. Among a number of older patients (Saenger, et al., 1970), it was found that after whole-body exposure of as little as 100 rads, some individuals experienced nausea and vomiting of the same duration and severity as those receiving whole-body doses twice as great. After 150 rads exposure, over one-half the patients experienced severe nausea and vomiting. Among somewhat younger patients in better physical condition (Saenger, et al., 1971), four of seven patients who received 200 rads whole-body radiation were so ill (nausea and vomiting) immediately following irradiation as to markedly impair their ability to function. In another report, all patients (in good general condition) receiving 300 rad absorbed dose within about 15 min ex- hibited the same symptoms with little individual variation (Rider and Hasselback): after an asymptomatic interval of 45-60 min, projectile vomiting followed for 15-20 min, succeeded by deep sleep alternating with vomiting for 6-8 hr. Shipboard personnel so affected would be “temporary ah Pe geeaay casualties", a category not “tHe tide “in only permanent ineffectiveness. 18-27 t DC criteria, which consider