a
ee
The fundamental premise is that precipitation
REFERENCES
l.
T. E. Hakonson, L. J. Johnson, and W. D. Purtymun, "The Distribution of Plutonium in Liquid
Waste Disposal Areas at Los Alamos," in
USAEC report CONF~730907-Pl (1974), pp. 248-253.
2.
T. E. Hakonson and K. V. Bostick, "Cesium-137
and Plutonium in Liquid Waste Discharge Areas at
Los Alamos," in Fourth NationalSymposium on
Radioecology
3.
(1976).
J. W. Nyhan, F. R. Miera, Jr., and R. J. Peters,
"The Distribution of Plutonium and Cesium in
Alluvial Soils of the Los Alamos Environ," in
Fourth National Symposium on Radioecology (1976).
4,
T. E. Hakonson and L. J. Johnson, "Distribution
exhibits a high degree of variability in time and
pace from less than 60 sec and 100 m out to the
cales of large-scale synoptic weather systems.
seVeral physical processes, each of which have
small-scale variations,
interactions with che other processes can lead to
errors\in the result.
J. W. Nyhan, F. R. Miera, Jr., and R. E. Neher,
"Distribution of Plutonium in Trinity Soils
after 28 Years," J. Environ. Qual. (1977), in
United States Atomic Energy Commission, Enewetak
Radiological Survey, USAEC Nevada Operations
Office report NVO-140 (1973).
7.
¥F. W. Whicker, "Radioecology of Natural Organ-
isms and Systems in Colorado," in Twelfth Annual
Progress Report on AEC Contract AT(1I-1)-1156
(1975), pp. 4=40.
8.
F. W. Whicker, ©. A. Little, and T. F. Winsor,
“Plutonium Behavior in the Terrestrial Environs
of the Rocky Flats Installation," in Symposium
on Environmental Surveillance around Nuclear
Installations, Inrernational Atomic Energy
9.
10.
li.
For example, the scavenging
effects \on pollutant clouds which have dimensions
of Environmental Plutonium in the Trinity Site
press.
6.
the preliminary smoothing
of one process prior to estimacing its covariant
Ecosystem after 27 Years," in USAEC report CONF730907-P1 (1974), pp. 242-247.
5.
In
applications which depend on the interaction of
ipitacion field also has variability on
the same scale,
it is incorrect to assume that the
field is uniform.
The data bases typically avail-
able for asses&ment projects have a spacing between
observation poikts of 10 to 100 km.
that are driven
In problems
by higher resolution effects (e.2.,
some scavenging problems, drainage basin runoff,
air-frame damage,
Electromagnetic energy trans-
mission), a subgrid\scale simulation is necessary.
The simulation
4f fine-scale precipitation
variability has been
addressed in a computer code
(TEMPEST) which uses Mdmte Carlo techniques to esti-
Agency report IAEA/SM-180/45 (1974).
mate the fundamentally
P. B. Dunaway and M. G. White, "The Dynamics of
Plutonium in Desert Environments,'' Nevada
Applied Ecology Group Progress Report NVO-142,
UC=2 (1974),
fall morphology.
model is a cell, and the chrrent representarion of
M. G. White and P. B. Dunaway, "The Radio-
Table I.
ecology of Plutonium and Other Transuranics
ochastic aspects of rain-
The basic unit adopted in the
the major elements of cell
«
morphology are given in
TEMPEST incorporates a sophisticated geometry
in Desert Environments," Nevada Applied Ecology
Group Progress Report NVO-153 (1975).
package, Mcn,? which allows a vary flexible specifi-
W. C. Hanson, "Studies of Transuranic Elements
cation of number and shapes of p
in Arctic Ecosystems," in Fourth National
Symposium on Radioecology (1976).
The input parameters for rainfall
cipitating zones.
aracter are zone-
dependent so that it is a straighctfotward matter to
construct a synoptic storm with its redions of
Rainout Collateral Damage Study
stragiform precipitation, drizzle frontak
showers,
ON
{S. Barr ‘ J. BD. Klett]
Precipitation Morphology.--~Studies of precipitation strudture in che atmosphere have been
initiated in cannection with an assessment of collateral damage die to precipitation scavenging of
-Nuclear weapon debkis.
these studies and tha
The insights gained from
computational model developed
as the vehicle for exphessing these insights promise
to be valuable additions
\co the assessment tech-
iments
eters.
3,4
The ability
4f che model to produce integral
statistics on l-, 3-,
tested against tradition
d 6-h accumulations was then
climatological data to
nology in a wide variety of\practical problems
identify che spectrum of ra n-area-~fractions and inten-
involving precipitation effects.
sity discribucions for a selected geographic site.
65