306 RADIATION STANDARDS, INCLUDING FALLOUT As to new developments since 1960, they are possibly not too striking. In this period the philosophy and concepts and quite often the actual language of the recommendations of the NCRP and ICRP have been apphed and incorporated into sections of Federal and State codes and into policies of the private industrial organizations. Noteworthy applications in this field have been made by the Federal Radiation Council and you have heard from other witnesses about the range concept which carries, as I see it, the promise of introducing much neededflexibility. Another noteworthy development has been a statement by the NCRP onexposure limits that would apply to emergency situations. This is their Report No. 29. Although this is pitched moredirectly at the civil defense situation it applies quite reasonably to guide justifiable action in the event of serious emergencies of industrial origin. Turning directly to the industrial situation, we can perhaps define three categories of industrial users of radiation. The largest single category 1s composed of AEC contractors who account for two-thirds of the estimated employmentin the entire atomic energy field. These are involved in quite complex uses of radiation sources and need to apply their standards to a wide variety of conditions. In controlling this the AEC is assured by contract terms that the contractor proposes to maintain certain minimum radiation protection standards. These are controlled by the AEC manual chapters which are themselves based rather directly on the NCRP recommendations. The second category of industrial users we would define as AEC licensees. This is the principal general industrial group, complying with regulations specifically formulated for the purpose and applied by the Commission. I am told there are some 10,500 such licenses in force and compliance with standards is required through title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations. fn this case there is a very wide spectrum of need. The standards utilized by licensees vary from minimum controls over small separate sources to situations about as complex as those characterized in the principal AEC contractors’ work. The third group would include the users of radiation sources not covered by the Atomic Energy Act. This is made up of a groupof industrial firms engaged in such activities as nondestructive testing as well as those actually manufacturing radiation machines and instruments. Of course, in these kinds of work they use radiation sources such as X-ray machines, radium, and some radionuclides that escape from the AEC aegis. The principal guidance in this case is contained directly in the recommendations of the NCRP, with about half our States having State regulations which exercise some control over these situations. It is possible, of course, one should note, for one industrial firm simultaneously to fall under the jurisdiction of all three of these types of control. iu practical administrative application, almost without exception some modification or interpretation of standards and codes is necessary and must be provided before a standard becomes implemented as a working reality in the work atmosphere. In the case of the modest user, the maximumhazardhe is concerned with may be both small in itself and easily predictable. In those cases he may well elect to relate his performance directly to the langu- 1HSAASRARERRRaSSRs rsalaeHRAes