298 RADIATION STANDARDS, INCLUDING FALLOUT hours on a subject. A lot of us believe that the best education is one that is integrated into a whole picture. I would much rather see a biochemist in the first year of medical school make a passing reference to radiation safety in the course of doing an experiment. That might be more effective than the specialist spending 15 minutes talking about it as a subject. I think this is an indication at least that the medical schools have looked atthis: as something worth teaching and hopefully it is an indication that it is being takenseriously in medical curricula. Representative Price. Does this include actual use of radiation machines ? Dr. CoamsBertain. Usually the operation of machines is not taught: to medical students during the period of their undergraduate school. Most of the time that is done at the interne or resident phase. Representative Price. On page 8 you mention that the Academy of Pediatrics is discouraging conventional fluoroscopy of infants and children by their members. Does this mean actual discontinuance of use of fluoroscopes ? Dr. CHampBeriain, Not completely because there are conditions which infants and children have for which they should be fluoroscoped.. As a matter of fact, we fluoroscope them regularly in my own department for adequate indication. But the motion of the Academy of Pediatrics was to discourage their members from doing it for conventional purposes and doing it themselves unless they had special training inthis. There are some pediatricians who are very highly trained in radiological procedures, too, as well as certified radiologists. Chairman Hortrteto. Why do you have to use a fluoroscope examination in place of an X-ray ? Dr. CHampertain. Usually it is for things in which the physiological motion of the inside part is part of the diagnostic situation. Such things as foreign bodies in the lungs, the fluoroscopy of the gastrointestinal tract and such. For these and with the amplified fluoroscopes that we are using now, we can feel relatively safe in doing most everything for which fluoroscopy is of vital importance. However, I still would rather use the old fluoroscope for a sufficiently serious condition rather than to say you shouldnotdoit atall. Chairman Horirterp. Is it possible to protect the gonads in the event of an extended fluoroscopic examination? Dr. Cuampervain. It is, unless the part that you are doing is in this area. I make the proviso because for some very important urology studies done on children recently, for example, it is absolutely impossible to protect the gonads. But this is a situation in which the child’s health is so vital and this study is so necessary to it Chairman Hotrrteip. You have to take a relative risk ? Dr. CuamprrLain. Yes; that is exactly the point. Representative Price. Doctor, in this modern age most of us assume that almost every child today is in the care of a pediatrician. But what do the records show as to the number of children, percentage- wise, that have the services of pediatricians ? Dr, Cuampberiatn. I don’t knowthe figure, sir. I am sure that it is not the majority of the children in the country as a whole who are taken care of by pediatricians regularly. I really don’t know the figure. “ALBRESiRii SeenNtstionRGRUTSORR] Badsyson ee