20 potentially. available total of 41 children from the 1959 survey, 29 were re-examined in 1963 (Table 10). In the groupof 60 children examined in 1959, there were 12 who because of their ages could not have been exposedeither directly or in utero to the fallout radiation; two of these 12 were re-exam- ined in 1963.:More than one-fourth of the exposed pediatric sample on Utirik was lost to follow-up between the two examinations. The fluctuations between examinationsin the numbersof control children and ofoffspring of exposed parents are shown in Tables 11 and 12. The 29 children addedto the control group were randomly selected from the Ebeye school population to provide an additional group comparable in ages to those Rongelap children who were exposed during infancy and early childhood years to the fallout radiation. Unfortunately, a study of the biographical information on these new subjects indicated the existence of the same uncertainties regarding actual chronological ages that had been encountered before. Verification or correction of the birth date on each of the children will be required before the data can be utilized for comparative purposes. Children Examined 1964, During the 1964 survey, 22 exposed children, 41 children of ex- posed parents, and 101 control children were examined. The decrease in the numberof exposed ‘children examined in the Rongelapseries from 1958 through 1964 results from temporary movement of subjects to other atolls and to graduation of children from the pediatric to the adult study. The increase in numberof children of exposed parents examinedresults fromnew births. Results of Physical Examinations. The inci- dence of abnormalphysical findings in the exposed and control groupsof children is summarizedin Table 13. In general the health of the children seen during both surveys was good. Respiratory infections and skin infections were infrequent. The nutritional statusof all children was adequate, the growth patterns were consistent with those seen in ‘previous years, and the height incrementsfor the period were consistent with the previous group trends. Table 14 History ofPoliomyelitis Among Children of Study Population, Rongelap and Ebeye Subjects with positive history but no résidual involvement at time of examination*: Nos. 102, 105, 113, 120, 126, 127, 930, 1012, 1025, 1031, 1040, 1504 Subjects with positive history and with residual involvement at time of examination: Nos. 96, 98, 103, 106, 110, 870, 901, 903, 1030, 1037 *Onesubject, No. 84, who had a history of poliomyelitis was not examined. the 1964 survey (Nos. 95, 96, 98, 106, 870, 901, 903). In several instances, the degree of involvement appearedless than in the previousyear. Theincrease in palpable livers in exposed and control groups during the 1964 examinationsis thoughtto result from variation between pediatric examiners. Liver enlargement exceeded 2 cm below the right costal margin in only two children, and in the remaindertheliver was palpable at the costal margin only. In all but one additional category in Table 13, variation was considered to be within limits expected in sequential examinations of any pediatric age population. Thyroid Nodules. Of particular interest was the development of thyroid nodules in three girls 9 and 10 years after exposure; two were 13 and one was 14 years of age at the time of detection. These girls were in the higher dose group in which there were 29 children (<(18 years of age) exposed; 17 of the 29 weregirls, with 6 girls in the 10 to 15year range. Of 75 unexposed comparison children, 37 were girls, and 21 of the girls were in the age range of 10 to 15 years. No thyroid nodules were noted in this group (only one diffuse thyroid enlargement has been detected in an unexposed adult). A small nodule wasfirst detected in one in the study developed poliomyelitis. Residual weakness of muscle groups was evident in 11 of of the girls in 1963, and nodules in the other two werefirst detected in March 1964. No lymph node involvement was grossly evident. The individuals were hospitalized and two had complete thyroidectomies and the third a partial thyroidectomy.* Grossly the glands had a “bobblestone”’ appearance with multiple hard nodules and wereatfirst (Table 14). Seven children continued to show residual paralysis of varying degree at the time of *Captain C.A. Broaddus (MC) U.S.N.at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Guam performed the surgery. During the epidemic on these atolls, 24 children these children at the time of the 1963 examination 5600083