neutrons with a fission spectrum,and for Pu-239, similarly fissioned,
Ky = 2692. From these and other values determined in the same manner,
we conclude that 2900 is a good estimate of Kg for most applications.
The detonation products are not, of course, deposited uniformly.

The ratio of exposure rate to deposition density has been observed

to vary from point to point within the fallout field ,° tending to
increase with increasing distance downwind from ground zero, This

observation is consistent with the concensus that radiochemical

fractionation causes this ratio to decrease with increasing particle

size.
This problem has been customarily circumvented by using what
amounts to an average of this ratio over the region of "local" fallout,

where “local was defined at the convenience of the author. This
local averaged K-factor we call Kj. Since local fallout (however

defined) represents deposition of only a fraction of the total radioactivity produced by the detonation that produced the fallout, the
ratio K,/Kg has been referred to as the fraction of the activity

deposited in the local fallout, or simply "fraction down."

DCPA wants K,, as well as the ratio.

However,

Two additional factors degrade the apparent value of the K-factor.

Shielding by small-scale irregularities of terrain leads to a reduction
in K,; of about 25% and measuring instruments used in the past have had
built-in self-shielding factors that led to another reduction of about
25%. So-called measured values of the K-factor in the literature
are nearly always this doubly degraded K-factor, here called K,.
The numerical value of K; or Ky depends on the definition of local
fallout.
Three definitions have been used:
(1) all deposition out

to the distance traveled by particles of a given size, say 45u, which

fall from the top of the nuclear cloud, (2)

fallout deposited up to

a given time, say H + 24 hours, and (3) the region within a given

fallout contour, say 0.5 R/hr at H+ 1 hour.
None of these leads to
a K-factor completely independent of yield and meteorology, although
the first comes closest.
We focus here on the third which appears

to be the most significant in fallout prediction systems used by DCPA.
Empirical determinations of the K-factor make use of the intensity

area integral; thus

K,
on

1

“F f

Aj
0

IdA

where A is the area (mi?) within the conteur of intensity I (R/hr

extrapolated from measurements back to H + 1 hour), We is the yield
due to fission (kt), and A, is the area within the largest and least
intense contour used,

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