14 Table 3 Mortality Exposed Year Subject Age No. &sex 1956 25 44M 1959 62. 6OF 1962 1962 46 84M 2%. 21M 1957 1958 1962 1962 1963 1963 38 3h. 76M 35M 30§60F $86 75F 52 55F 57 107F Unexposed Probable cause Year Subject Age No. & sex Hypertensive heart disease 1988 857 65M Ovariancan 1960 927 65M Coronary heart disease, diabetes Acute varicella Cancer of _ 7 Arteriosclerotic heart disease Brain damage ing fall from tree Fractured v. Poliomyelisig, “Old age’’(?) oe bul 1959 1960 854 933 55F 56M Probable cause Cerebral thrombosis?) Infection urinary wact, diabetes Pneumonia secondary to influenza Pneumonia secondary to influenza 1960 861 68F Diabetes, cancer cervix(?) 1963 Asthma(?) 1962 1962 953 848 886 48M 41F 54M Status asthmaticus Neurosyphilis(?) *Not confirmed by autopsy or biopsy. The birth rate for the past year was calculated as in the previous surveys from the number of births per woman of childbearing age (15 to 45 years). There were 23 such women in the exposed group and 39 in the unexposed group. (Not in- cluded in either group were 4 unexposed women whose spouses were exposed males.) For the 2-year period in the exposed group 8 babies were born, giving an average of 0.17 births per woman per year; in the unexposed group 10 babies were born, giving a slightly lower birth rate per woman (0.13 per year). The births wereall full-term normal deliveries, except one case as noted below. A review of the entire menstrual and obstetrical history of the women (examined in 1964) in the exposed and control groups is given in Table 4. In 20 exposed women there had been total of 136 pregnancies, 19 women delivering 115 living children for an average of 4.8 babies per woman for the 24 womenin the group. The samefecun- dity was noted in the control women, 32 of the 39 women having been pregnant 203 times and delivering 189 living babies, averaging 4.6 children per mother. The histories of the age of onset of menstruation and development of menarche were not too reliable, but the ages of onset for these events appear to be about the samein the exposed and the control women. Table 5 lists the births and feral deaths by year since 1954 of Rongelap people. Since it was uncertain whether the list of births on Utirik Atoll obtained during the 1963 survey was complete,it was not possible to calculate an accurate birth rate for that group. However, the birth rate seemed to be about the same as noted in other Marshall Island populations. Congenital Anomalies A full-term stillbirth with congenital anomalies (ectromelus) was born to exposed parents in 1962. This anomaly is not very uncommon,and in view of the statistical evaluation the question ofradia- tion implication must be left open. One 24-vearoid exposed woman (No. 49) was operated on for ectopic pregnancyin 1962. A case of congenital heart defect had been noted in a child born of exposed parents several years ago. This child died at 4+ months of age. Specific genetic studies have not been conducted on this relatively small population, and only routine examination of new births has been done. No unusual incidence of defects has been noted in the newborn. Some of the defects noted in both exposed and unexposed children inelude patent ductus arteriosus, congenital deformity of the hip, and congenital hypoplasia of the middie phalanx of the 5th finger. Miscarriages and Stillbirths Except for the one ectopic pregnancy, no mis- carriages were reported during the past 2-vear period. One neonatal death (at 1 month of age} due to infant diarrhea occurred in a twin born to