10 at Rongelap Village and also at Utirik Village while carrying out the examinations on these islands. 1964 SURVEY (10 YEARS POST EXPOSURE} The 1964 survey did not include Utirik, since these islanders are examined only every 3 to 4 years in view of the small exposure they sustained from the failout. Examinations were carried out as in 1963 at Rongelap, Ebeye, and Majuro, the ma- jority being done at Rongelap. Table 2 shows the distribution of Rongelap people on the various atolls. Examinations were conducted on 70 ofthe exposed Rongelap people, the 43 children of ex- posed parents, and 208 of the adults and children of the comparison population. The survey team consisted of 8 physicians and technicians from the United States and 8 from the Trust Territory (see Figure 2). The Trust Territory ships M/V Roque and M/V Ran Anim both aided in transporting the team and equipmentto and from Rongelap Atoll. The team lived at Rongelap Village for the examinations on thatisland. Procedures PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS Since both the 1963 and 1964 surveys were similar in scope and procedures, they will be de- scribed together. Histories were taken by a Marshallese practitioner with particular emphasis on the interval history during the past year. During the 1964 survey Mr. Byron Bender, anthropologist from the Trust Territory, accompanied the medical team and carried out exhaustive studies on the genealogical background of the Rongelap people. These data are not published in this report, but are available to those interested. The pediatrician on the 1963 survey (W.W/S.) carried out further interviews with the Rongelap people in order to establish more closely the ages of some of the children, which were questionable. Complete physical examinations on both children and adults were carried out in both years. In addition, anthropometric measurements were done on adults >19 years of age in order to determine certain ethnic characteristics of the Mar- shaliese. During the 1963 examination extensive anthropometric measurements werealso carried out on the children as part of the growth and developmentstudies, and radiographs of their wrists were taken for the samestudies. In 1963 an ophthalmologist carried out complete ophthalmological examinations including slit-lamp observations. Cancerdetection, emphasized during examinations for both years, included an evaluation of the history, special physical examinations, and certain laboratory tests.* The family history did not yield satisfactory information, since the incidence of familial diseases including cancer was generally unknownbythe people. The history vielded some information on changesin weight, historyof illness. and, in the case of women, menstrual, obstetric, and nursinghistory. In the physical examination particular emphasis was placed on examination of the skin, node-bearing areas, head and neck. chest, breast, abdomen, and external genitalia. Pelvic examinations were carried out on all mature females, and vaginal and cervical smears for Papanicolaou examinations were obtained.** Rec- Figure 4. Marshallese man carrying a sack of copra. Coprais the main productin the economyofthe Islands. *Drs. E. Schackow and H.L. Atkins of Brookhaven Nauonal Laboratory interpreted the x-rayfilms. ** We wish to thank Dr. Genevieve Bader of Memorial Sioan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y., for interpretation of the Papanicolaou smears.