protected from radiation by the apron from the front. Drawings of fluoroscopy on file showed clearly that when the decedent had turned to open or close the lead lined film storage box at his right, his left hip was exposed to beams from the X-ray machine. The area of his left ischium was the portion of his body closest to the source of X-ray and was unprotected. His film badge and his dosimeter did not show the dose he absorbed in the area of the left hip,left showed that measurements made in the vicinity of the Picker X-ray diagnostic unit (Imperial) were found to beasfollows: Scattered Radiation Around Fluoroscope leg, and other parts not covered by the lead apron as he went about his work. Position said. ‘‘We cannot determine just how much radiation reached the hip, legs and lower trunk, but we know it was substantially more than reached the badge and the dosimeter. Moreover, the exposure was repeated and extended over I. 2. 3. 4, 5. The Bureau’s claims examiner noted the facts shown in the record, and he many years’. A hospital inspection report dated October 1956 stated: “For the past six weeks the charge reader has been defective. Prior to that time readings had been uniformly low.” An inspection report dated April 1957 of a visit by the government agency’s consultant in radiology, a radiologist, read: “Roentgen output at tabletop in fluoroscopy: 3.0 MA 90 KVP 5.7 1/min.” The radiologist’s report of July 1961 stated: “Roentgen output at tabletop in fluoroscopy: 0.8 MA 114 KVP 1.9 r/min; 3.0 MA 90 KVP 3.8 r/min.” In July 1962 his report stated: “... radiation exposure is recorded on film badges .. . All radiation exposures are well below recommendedlevels.” Hospital records described the type of machine used by claimant as follows: Fluoroscopic - 1949 - General Electric, Model KX-11, Type 8 MK3, 60 cycle, 200 MA, 100 KVP. - Replaced May 1962 - General Electric imperial, KX-19, 60 cycle, 300 MA, 130 KVP. Radiographic - 1949 - General Electric Model KX-14, Type 8 MK3, 60 cycle, 500 MA, 100 KVP. - Replaced April 1964 - General Electric Aristocrat [1, Model 60, 300 MA, 150 KVP. Urology - General Electric - KX- 14, Type 8 MK3, 60 cycle, 200 MA, 100 KVP. Portables - 2 each - 1949 Field Unit, Picker X-Ray Field Unit, Style 1348, 30 MA, 100 KVP. The Bureau asked the hospital to supply information concerning the quantitative data on the levels of radiation present at various points throughout the room where claimant worked under normal operating procedures... In response, the hospital submitted a Radiation Survey and Inspection Report dated September 25, 1967 of the equipment used by claimant, in which a certified radiological physicist calculated the maximum expected doses per week at various positions around each X-ray unit. He indicated that in evaluation of the Maximum Permissible Doses per week the following presently accepted (NCRP) values of Maximum Permissible Doses were used as a guide: Maximum Permissible Dose, controlled or restricted areas - 100 mi/wk | Maximum Permissible Dose, uncontrolled or restricted areas - 10 - mr/wk 1 foot right I foot left 1 foot front Waist Knees 6. Feet 7. Eyes 8. Three screen 9. 3 foot back and 3 foot right me/hr 300 300 300 200 10 me/hr* 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 Position Control-door open Control-doorclos. Corridor Entrance Toilet Storage 3.0 3.0 3.0 40 Maximum Expected Dose/wk mr/hr 3.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.5 In conclusion the report stated ‘‘Ail X-ray equipment and installations were found to meet presently accepted standards of radiation protection . Medical Evidence: The attending physician reported. it is my medical opinion that the chondrosarcomaofleft ischium was the result of [the] cumulative effects of radiation over a period of 22 years from 1943 to 1965... The Bureau’s Medical Director was of the opinion that the employee’s death was directly attributable to his exposure to X-radiation: In reviewing the etiology of chondrosarcoma and its relationship to X-ray exposure, I have referred to the text Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases by Dr. W. C. Hueper. In this reference he states ‘The causal role which excessive and prolonged exposure to roentgen rays plays in the production of sarcomas in the connective tissue in man has been confirmed by numerous experimental observations made in animals.” Roentgen sarcomas are generally histologically fibrosarcomas, spindle cell sarcomas, or polymorphous-cell sarcomas, the latter frequently showing a tendency to myxematous transformations. Chondrosarcomais a sarcoma ofthe cartilage. The prognosis of roentgen sarcoma is bad. Thus with this support of relationship, as indicated by the above reference and by the [attending] physician . . . in my opinion there is a very definite relationship between the onset of the sarcoma and the degree of «xposure received. The factual information in this record to me confirms the fact that the recorded exposure on the film badges does not indicate the large amount ofradiation to the left pelvic area. The report showed that at the hospital all areas containing radiation sources and the entire dark room area were considered controlied. The report further i fluoro drapes (simulated with *The report indicated that the measurements were made vicinity of the other units were drapes withlead apron) and measuremeats made in the similar to those shown abovefor the Picker X-ray unit. 108 109